Transcript Respiratory System

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
Gas Exchange
Filter, Warm & Humidify Air
Protection
Speech
Regulate pH
RESPIRATORY SYTEM
ORGANIZATION
Upper Respiratory Tract (Outside Thorax)
- Nose
- Pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract (Inside Thorax)
-
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
Nose
- External Nares (Entrance)
- Nasal Cavity
* Hairs, Mucus (Trap Debris)
* Mucosa (Warm, Moisten)
* Cilia (Transport)
* Nasal Conchae Bones (Turbulence)
* Olfactory Receptors
* Tear Drainage
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT continued
- Paranasal Sinuses (4)
* Spaces in Bone
* Lined with Mucous Membrane
* Empty into Nasal Cavity
* Light Bone, Resonation
- Internal Nares (Opening between Nasal
Cavity & Nasopharynx)
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT continued
 Pharynx (Throat)
- Between Nasal Cavity & Larynx
- Passageway for Air & Food
- 3 Divisions:
* Nasopharynx (Internal Nares  Soft
Palate)
* Oropharynx (Soft Palate  Base of
Tongue)
* Laryngopharynx (Base of Tongue 
Opening to Esophagus)
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT continued
- Protected by Tonsils:
* Pharyngeal Tonsil (“Adenoids”,
Nasopharynx)
* Tubal Tonsils (Nasopharynx, Entrance
to Auditory Tubes)
* Palatine Tonsils (Oropharynx)
* Lingual Tonsils (Oropharynx)
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
Larynx (Hyoid  Cricoid Cartilage)
- 2 Functions:
*Keep Movement of Food & Air
Separate
*Provide Sound for Speech
- Glottis
*Slit-like Opening into Larynx
*Produces Speech with Vocal Cords
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT continued
- Cartilages:
*Epiglottis
Covers Glottis
Prevents food from Entering
Trachea
*Thyroid (“Adam’s Apple”)
*Cricoid (Inferior, Encircles Vocal
Cords)
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT continued
Trachea (“Windpipe”)
- “C”-Shaped Tracheal Cartilage Prevents
Collapse
- No Cartilage Posterior, Allows Swallowing
Bronchial Tree
- Branching Airway
- Carina (Ridge at Bifurcation of Trachea)
- Supported by Cartilage
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT continued
- Primary Bronchi  Secondary Bronchi  Tertiary
Bronchi  Bronchioles (Terminal & Respiratory)
 Alveolar Ducts  Alveoli
 Lungs
- Paired (“spongy”) Organs
- Surfaces
* Apex (Superior Extension, Above Clavicle)
* Hilum (Vertical slit on Mediastinal Surface)
* Cardiac Notch (Recess on Left Lung)
* Base (Inferior, Rests on Diaphragm)
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT/Lungs continued
Located in thoracic cavity, lateral to heart,
superior to diaphragm
Protected by pleura (serous membrane)
- Visceral (inner, covers lung surface)
- Parietal (outer, lines thoracic cavity)
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT/Lungs continued
- Lobes
* Right Lung - 3 Lobes: Superior, Middle,
Inferior
* Left Lung - 2 Lobes: Superior, Inferior
- Fissures
* Horizontal Fissure (Between Superior & Middle
Lobes, Right Lung)
* Right Oblique Fissure (Middle & Inferior)
* Left Oblique Fissure (Superior & Inferior)
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT/Lungs continued
- Alveoli
* Microscopic, Membranous Air Sacs
* Functional Unit of Lungs, Site of Gas
Exchange Between Respiratory &
Circulatory Systems (by diffusion)
* Simple Squamous E.T.
* Surfactant Reduces Surface Tension,
Prevents Collapse
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY
 Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
- Relies on Gas Traveling from High Pressure to Low
Pressure (“Negative Pressure System”)
- 2 Stages:
* Inspiration
Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles
Contract
Volume of Thoracic Cavity Increases,
Pressure Decreases
Air Rushes into Lungs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY continued
*Expiration
Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles
Relax (nerve stimuli halt)
Volume of Thoracic Cavity
Decreases, Pressure Increases
Elastic Recoil of Tissues
Air Rushes out of Lungs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY continued
 Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal Volume (Amount in Single, Relaxed
Breath or Breathing Cycle, 500 ml)
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (Amount
Forcibly Taken in Above TV,  3,000 ml)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (Amount
Forcibly Exhaled after TV,  1,000 ml)
- Residual Volume (Always Remains in
Lungs)
- Vital Capacity (Max. Amount Exhaled, TV
+ IRV + ERV,  4,500 ml)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY continued
 Gas Exchange (Respiration)
- Occurs Across Respiratory Membrane
(Alveolar Wall + Capillary Wall)
- Gases Diffuse from Area of [High]  [Low]
- O2 Bound to Hemoglobin + some in plasma
- Chemoreceptors in Aorta & Carotid
Arteries
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY continued
- CO2 Transport:
* Plasma
* Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) in RBCs
* Attached to Hemoglobin
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY continued
- Occurs at 2 Locations:
* External Respiration
O2: Alveoli  Pulmonary Capillaries
CO2: Alveoli  Pulmonary
Capillaries
* Internal Respiration
O2: Systemic Capillaries 
Interstitial Spaces (Body Tissues)
CO2: Systemic Capillaries 
Interstitial Spaces (Body Tissues)
Control of Breathing
Respiratory Center/Group
- Medulla – sets the basic rate & depth
* CO2 changes (pH) act as stimuli
- Pons – modifies rate
Chemoreceptors
- Aorta & Carotid Artery detect changes in
oxygen concentration