Transcript Introduction to the Body

Introduction to the Human Body
Anatomy & Physiology Class
Mrs. Leisher
WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
 Anatomy: study of the structure, shape, and locations of body
parts
 Physiology: study of the function of body parts
Principle of Complementarity of Structure &
Function
- This principle states that
function reflects structure
Can you think of an example?
ANATOMICAL POSITION
 Assumed position of body
 standing face-front, feet flat on floor facing forward with
palms facing forward
Structural level of organization
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
 Superior/inferior
 Anterior/posterior
 Medial/lateral
 Proximal/distal
 Superficial/deep
Systems of the Body
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic/immune
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
 10. Urinary
 11. Reproductive
 (Male and female)
Planes: imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the
body
1.
Sagittal: divides into right and left
2.
Frontal: divides into anterior/posterior
3.
Transverse: divides into superior/inferior
Cavities: spaces that protect, separate, and support
internal organs
 Dorsal:
 Cranial
 Vertebral
 Ventral
 Thoracic:
 Abdominopelvic: separated
from thoracic by diaphragm
IN CLASS ASSIGNMENT:
 For each system:
 Write 1-3 sentences that describe the responsibilities of that
system. Then list 2-4 organs/components of that system.
 Work on your sentence NOT being just copied from the
book. Sufficient, but concise!!!
 Illustrate (literal or symbolic)
HOMEOSTASIS
Maintaining homeostasis is essential for life.
 Homeostasis: keeping internal conditions relatively stable
 Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids
important for homeostasis
Intracellular
Extracellular: EX: blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid
 Know examples
HOW IS THIS PICTURE A VISUAL
REPRESENTATION OF HOMEOSTASIS?
Regulated by:
 The body communicating within itself, constantly regulating the
balance in the body.
 the nervous (fast) or endocrine (slow) system
Feedback Systems
 A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is
monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and
so.
 A disruption that changes a controlled condition (eg temp,
blood glucose levels) is called a stimulus
Feedback systems cont.
 3 components
 Receptor: structure that monitors changes in a controlled
condition and sends input to a control center.
EX: nerve endings in finger tips sense temp. change
 Control center: sets the range of values within which a
controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the
input it receives from receptors, and generates output
commands when they are needed.
EX: the brain or nucleus of cell
 Effector: structure that receives output from the control
center and produces a response that changes the controlled
condition.
example
body temp. drops sharply (stimulus), detected by your
hypothalamus (receptor), your brain (control center) sends
nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors).
Results in shivering to generate heat to raise your body temp.
BIG PICTURE
HOMEOSTASIS IS REGULATED BY FEEDBACK SYSTEMS!!!!!
_____ disrupts
homeostasis
Disruption
monitored by
___________
which send a
message
______ _____:
receives
message and
provides output
______ bring
about a change
or response that
alters the
controlled
condition
Flowchart of a feedback system
Negative Feedback Systems
 Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
 EX blood pressure returning to normal after increasing.
Positive Feedback Systems
 Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled
conditions
 EX. Normal childbirth
Negative
feedback
sys.
Positive
feedback
sys.
Reverses a change
In controlled
condition
Chemical and electrical messengers
Stops as
controlled
Condition
Returns
To
normal
Negative
feedback
sys.
Regulate more
common
conditions
Have receptors
Control center
effectors
Start with stimulus
End with response
Reinforces a change
In a
Controlled
condition
Positive
feedback
sys.
Shut off by outsi
event
Reinforce events
That don’t
Happen
Very
often