Transcript respiratory system

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
NOSE
LARYNX
NASAL CAVITY
TRACHEA
PARANASAL CAVITIES
PHARYNX
ORAL CAVITY
BRONCHI
LUNGS
THE NOSE
Air enters through two openings, THE
EXTERNAL NARES or NOSTRILS.
•
Just inside each nostril is an expanded
VESTIBULE containing coarse hairs.
•
A midsagittal NASAL SEPTUM divides
the NASAL CAVITY.
• The maxillary, nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid
bones form the lateral and superior walls of the nasal
cavity.
• The HARD and SOFT PALATES form the floor of the
cavity. ( the posterior part of the soft palate is the UVULA
)
• The external portion of the nose is composed of cartilage
that forms the BRIDGE and the TIP of the nose.
• Posteriorly the INTERNAL NARES open into the
nasopharynx.
THE PHARYNX
• Is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.
• It extends between the internal nares and the entrances to the
larynx and esophagus.
• A stratified squamous epithelium lines the pharynx.
• THE THROAT OR PHARYNX IS DIVIDED IN THREE
REGIONS
1.
Upper NASO-PHARYNX
2.
Middle OROPHARYNX
3.
Lower LARYNGOPHARYNX
THE NASOPHARYNX
LIES SUPERIOR TO THE SOFT
PALATE
• SERVES A PASSAGEWAY FOR
AIRFLOW FROM NASAL CAVITY
• IT CONTAINS THE PHARYNGEAL
TONSILS ( adenoids ) IN POSTERIOR
WALL, AND THE OPENNINGS OF
THE EUSTACHIAN TUBES ( auditory
tubes )
THE OROPHARYNX
•
EXTENDS FROM THE SOFT PALATE
DOWN TO THE EPIGLOTTIS ( base of the
tongue )
•
IT CONTAINS THE PALATINE AND
LINGUAL TONSILS.
THE LARYNGOPHARYNX
INCLUDES THE
NARROW ZONE
BETWEEN THE
HYOID BONE AND
THE ENTRANCE TO
THE ESOPHAGUS.
THE LARYNX
• JOINS THE LARYNGOPHARYNX WITH THE
TRACHEA.
• IT CONSISTS OF CARTILAGES
• IT IS ALSO CALLED THE VOICE BOX.
• THE THREE MAIN CARTILAGES ARE:
THROID CARTILAGE ( Adams´s apple ),
EPIGLOTTIS, AND CRICOID CARTILAGE.
• THE EPIGLOTTIS IS A PIECE OF ELASTIC
CARTILAGE THAT FALLS OVER THE
OPENING ( GLOTTIS ) DURING
SWALLOWING TO PREVENT INGESTED
FOOD FROM ENTERING THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT.
THE LARYNX
• TWO PAIRS OF FOLDS SPAN THE
GLOTTAL OPENING. FALSE VOCAL
CORDS ARE INELASTIC BUT THE
TENSION IN THE VOCAL CORDS CAN BE
ADJUSTED BY VOLUNTARY MUSCULAR
MOVEMENTS.
• DURING EXPIRATION AIR FLOWING
THROUGH THE LARYNX VIBRATES THE
VOCAL CORDS ( TRUE VOCAL CORDS )
AND PRODUCES SOUND WAVES.
• COUGHING AND LARYNGEAL SPASMS
ARE PROTECTIVE REFLEXES THAT
PROTECT THE GLOTTIS AND TRACHEA
FROM FOREIGN OBJECTS AND
IRRITANTS.
THE TRACHEA
• IS A TUBULAR STRUCTURE WITH
4.25 in. IN LENGTH AND 1 in. IN
DIAMETER.
• AT ITS CAUDAL LIMIT THE
TRACHEA DIVIDES TO FORM THE
PRIMARY BRONCHI.
• LIES ANTERIOR TO THE
ESOPHAGUS
THE TRACHEA
ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE TRACHEA ARE
15-20 C-SHAPED PIECES OF HYALINE
CARTILAGE (TRACHEAL CARTILAGES)
THE TRACHEAL MUSCLE HOLDS THE TWO
SIDES OF THE C-SHAPED CARTILAGE
TOGETHER POSTERIORLY
TRACHEA IS LINED WITH
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
THE TRACHEA BRANCHES WITHIN THE
MEDIASTINUM, FORMING THE LEFT AND
RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHI
LEFT AND RIGHT PRIMARY
BRONCHI
• ( extrapulmonary bronchi )
• EACH BRONCHUS ENTERS A
LUNG AT A GROOVE, THE HILUS.
• EACH BRONCHUS BRANCHES
INTO INCREASINGLY SMALLER
PASSAGEWAYS TO CONDUCT
AIR INTO THE LUNGS
SECONDARY BRONCHI
• ( intrapulmonary bronchi )
• AS THERE ARE LOBES OF
EACH LUNG
• THE SMALLEST
PASSAGEWAYS ARE THE
BRONCHIOLES
THE LUNGS
• ARE A PAIR OF CONE SHAPED ORGANS LYNING IN
THE PLEURAL CAVITIES.
• THE APEX IS THE CONICAL TOP OF EACH LUNG,
AND THE BROAD INFERIOR PORTION IS THE BASE.
• EACH LUNG HAS A HILUS, A MEDIAL SLIT WHERE
THE BRONCHIAL TUBES, VASCULARIZATION,
LYMPHATICS, AND NERVES REACH THE LUNG.
• EACH LUNG IS DIVIDED INTO LOBES BY DEEP
FISURES
Right Lung
• IS DIVIDED IN
THREE LOBES
( SUPERIOR,
MIDDLE and
INFERIOR )
LEFT LUNG
IS DIVIDE BY AN
OBLIQUE
FISSURE INTO
SUPERIOR AND
INFERIOR
LOBES
THE PLEURAL
CAVITIES
• The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribcage and the
muscular diaphragm.
• The mediastinum divides the region into TWO PLEURAL
CAVITIES.
• The pleural cavity is lined with a serous membrane, THE
PLEURA.
• PARIETAL PLEURA lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm,
and mediastinum.
• VISCERAL PLEURA covers the surfaces of the lungs.
Alveoli
• THE ALVEOLAR WALLS ARE MADE OF SIMPLE
SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIUM
• SCATTERED AMONG EPITHELIUM ARE
SURFACTANT CELLS
• THAT SECRETE AN OIL COATING TO PREVENT
THE ALVEOLI FROM STICKING TOGETHER AFTER
EXHALATION.
• ALSO IN THE ALVEOLAR WALL ARE
MACROPHAGES THAT PHAGOCYTIZE DEBRIS OR
POTENTIAL PATHOGENS
• PULMONARY CAPILLARIES COVER THE
EXTERIOR OF THE ALVEOLI