Transcript The respiratory system Respiration

The respiratory system
•Respiration: The exchange of gases between an
organism and its environment
•The process has two phase:
- Organismic respiration – oxygen from the
environment is taken up by the animal and
delivered to it’s cells, at same time carbon
dioxide is excreted into the environment
- Takes place in animals
- O2 taken up and CO2 excreted
- Aerobic cellular respiration –
- Takes place in mitochondria
- O2 is necessary for citric acid cycle
•Function
- take up O2
- get rid of waste CO2
The respiratory system consists of an airway and lungs
The airway conducts air into the lungs
Breath of air passes in sequence:
•Nostrils,
•nasal cavities,
•pharynx,
•larynx,
•trachea,
•bronchi,
•bronchioles,
•and alveoli
The upper respiratory tract
• nose and paranasal
sinuses
• oral cavity (also part of
the digestive system)
• throat
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
The nasal cavity
Functions:
1. the air passing
– warming
– cooling, wetting
– dust removing by
vibrissae, short, thick
hairs (cilia): mucous
ciliated epithelium
– The nasal and oral cavities
connect via the pharynx
2. smelling
3. phonation
The parts of nose
•Root
•Tip
•Wing
•Nostrils
•Nasal cavity
The parts of nasal cavity
•Nasal septum
•cartilage & bone
•Nasal conchae
•=turbinates
•epithelial layer
Paranasal sinuses
•Ethmoidal
•Sphenoidal
•Frontal
•Maxillary
Leads to nasal cavity
Inflammation of sinuses!
The pharynx
• pharynx (throat) continuous with larynx and
esophagus
– both food and air are passed through
• the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food
is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration
• pharyngeal tonsils
The larynx
Larynx = voicebox
•an organ in the neck involved in protection of
the trachea and sound production
•during swallowing larynx is closed by epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage=
pajzsporc
Cricoid cartilage=
gyűrűporc
Arytenoid cartilage=
kannaporc
Vocal cords
hangszalagok
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjRsa77u6OU&feature=related
1= vocal cords
3= epiglottis
5= arytenoid cartilage
7= underside of the
tongue
to breathe
to speak
Sound
• Muscles stretch the vocal cords  glottis is narrow
• If air is directed against vocal cords  vibrate, set up sound waves
in the column of air in pharynx, nose, mouth
• VOLUME:
• Greater pressure of air – loud sound
• Lower pressure of air – soft sound
• PITCH/FREQUENCY
• If they are pulled taut  vibrate more rapidly (higher frequency)
• Decreased tension lower sounds (lower frequency)
• Men: thicker, longer vocal cords
• Recognizable speech: pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal
sinuses
• This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract,
configured differently based on the position of the tongue, lips,
mouth, and pharynx.