Transcript Respiratory System

Respiratory System
Function of the Respiratory Tract
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Gas exchange!---Primary Function
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Bring oxygen into the body
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Remove carbon dioxide (CO2)
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CO2 is a waste product from reactions to produce energy.
External Respiration
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Occurs in the lung
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Oxygen is need to burn nutrients for ENERGY!!
O2 from lungs to blood vessels
CO2 from blood vessels to lungs
Internal Respiration
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Tissue level
Function of the Respiratory System
Phonation-larynx/vocal cords (folds)
 Body Temperature Regulation
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Cold-nasal passage blood vessels warm cold
air coming into body
Hot-panting causes evaporation of fluids lining
respiratory tract/mouth
Function of the Respiratory System
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Acid base balance
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Normal blood pH = 7.4 (7.35-7.45)
Constant balance between acids and bases in
the body
Kidneys and Respiratory Tract help maintain
Respiratory tract – influenced the amount of
CO2 (acid) in the blood
CO2 build up>>>>lower or higher pH??
Function of the Respiratory Tract
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Olfactory Sense
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Covered in Special Senses
Parts of the Respiratory Tract
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Upper Respiratory Tract
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Nostrils
Nasal passages
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lower Respiratory Tract
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Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Upper Respiratory System
Nose (muzzle) - cartilaginous skeleton
 Nares
 Philtrum
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Species difference
Horse-obligate
nose breathers!!!!
 Why does my
horse flare its
nostrils?
 The alar cartilage
is very
pronounced in
horses & even
more so in
camelids.
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Upper Respiratory System
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Nasal passage-nostrils to pharynx
Nasal septum-midline wall in nasal
passage
Turbinates (Conchae) Dorsal and
ventral
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Scrolling rolls of bone
Increases surface area in nasal passage
Nasal Meatus=“passageway”
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Ventral**, middle and dorsal
Common-just lateral to septum on either
sides
**Where tube can be passed
Nasal passage
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Lining of nasal passage
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Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Cilia push trapped material to pharynx
Numerous mucous glands
Very Vascular!!!
Conditions air
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Warming-blood vessels
Humidifying-mucous glands
Filtering-turbinates, cilia
(Paranasal) Sinuses
Outpouching of nasal passage
 Spaces within skull bones
 Lining- same as nasal passage
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Fluid produced swept back into nasal passage
Frontal Sinuses (2)
 Maxillary Sinuses (2)
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Respiratory-Pharynx
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Common Passage for
Respiratory and
Digestive System
Nasopharynx (A)
Oropharynx (B)
Laryngopharynx (C)
The upper portion of
the pharynx is the
nasopharynx and is
associated with the
respiratory tract.
Guttoral Pouch
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Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)
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Passage between nasopharynx and middle ear
Helps equalize pressures on sides of ear drum
Guttoral Pouch
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Large, Air filled diverticulum
Upper Respiratory System-Larynx
“Voice box”
 Connects pharynx to trachea
 It is suspended by the hyoid apparatus
which also has a connection with the
tongue.
 Cartilage
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Epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage (2), thyroid
cartilage (1), cricoid cartilage (1)
Functions of the larynx
Provide open airway
 Close off airway to allow safe passage of
food
 Phonation
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Upper Respiratory System-Larynx
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Epiglottis
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leaf shaped elastic cartilage
Most rostral
“Trap door” when swallowing
Epiglottis (1)
Larynx
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Thyroid cartilage –
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Largest
floor of the larynx
thickened rostral portion = "adams apple“
hyaline cartilage which may later ossify.
Rostral
Thyroid cartilage (2)
Ventral
Larynx
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Cricoid cartilage - signet ring shaped,
hyaline cartilage. Connects to trachea.
Cricoid Cartilage (3)
Larynx
Arytenoid cartilages - paired, articulate
with the cricoid, vocal processes, hyaline
with elastic processes.
 Clinical - these cartilages are what must
be visualized when placing an ET tube.
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Arytenoid Cartilage (4)
Laryngeal paralysis
movie
Tracheal Cartilages
Dog (L) Horse (R)
Larynx
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Vocal Folds
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False Vocal Folds (nonruminants)
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Attach to the 2 Arytenoid cartilage
Form the opening of larynx=glottis
Tension on vocal folds-lower or high pitch?
Completely closed-straining, cough!
Vestibular (ventricular) Folds
Not part of vocalization process
Lateral Ventricles
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pouches between the two folds
“Roarers”
Vocal Folds
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Laryngeal Cartilages & Muscles
Trachea
Transports air from
larynx and bronchi
 Single tube until
branches to
continue with two
main bronchi
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Tracheal Bifurcation
Trachea-structure
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Tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle, held
open by hyaline cartilage
C shaped rings-open portion faces dorsally
Smooth muscle covers gap between cartilage
ends
Lining
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Mucous layer-entraps material
Cilia-transports particles back toward larynx/pharynx
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Swallowed or Coughed out
Lining of the Trachea
Collapsing Trachea
Common in toy and miniature breeds
 Smooth muscle gets pulled into lumen
during inspiration
>>>Inspiratory Dyspnea-difficulty inspiring
 Tracheal Collapse
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Tracheostomy
Emergency
procedure
 Provide an airway
when upper
airway is
obstructed
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