Transcript Christian - cloudfront.net

Medieval World History
CST REVIEW
Stuff you should remember
from 7th grade history
1
The Roman and
Byzantine
Empires
2
Roman Citizenship and Law
1. Roman citizens
a. Voted in the Roman Assembly
b. Took an interest in political
issues
2. Roman Laws
a. Reflected duty and virtue
(Stoicism)
b. Emphasized fairness and
common sense
c. Presumed innocence until
proven guilty
d. Form the basis of modern laws
3
The Legacy of Rome
1. Art
a. Images created using
many small tiles (mosaics)
2. Architecture
a. Arches and domes
3. Engineering
a. Aqueducts and roads
4. Philosophy
a. Stoicism (belief that
strength comes from
endurance and sacrifice)
4
Roman Weaknesses
1.
Powerful Generals
a. Encourage loyalty to
themselves—not Rome
2.
Corruption
a. Leaders misused their power
b. Slavery
3.
Lack of Education
a. People forgot their rights
4.
Empire too big to govern
a. People became uninformed
5
Constantine
1. Emperor
a. moved capital to
Byzantium
b. power shifts from
west to east
c. Byzantium
renamed
Constantinople
d. Made Christianity
official religion
6
The Byzantine Empire
1. A.K.A. the Eastern
Roman Empire
2. Justinian I
-Emperor
-established new
law code (Justinian
Code)
7
The establishment of Constantinople…
Rome
Constantinople
shifted power to the east.
8
Eastern vs. Western
Roman Empire
Eastern Empire
Western Empire
1. Christianity
1. Christianity
-Eastern Orthodox
-Roman Catholic
-Emperor was leader
-Pope was leader
-Official language
-Official language
(Greek)
(Latin)
2. Empire
-survived until 1400s
2. Empire
-collapsed in 400s
9
Islam
10
Religion
1. Monotheistic
a. one god (Allah)
2. Connected to Judaism and Christianity
a. same God
b. same prophets
c. same books in Bible
3. “People of the Book”
a. how Muslims refer to Jews and
Christians
11
Origins of Islam
1. Muhammad
a. rich merchant
b. believed by Muslims to be
prophet through whom God
revealed the final message
2. The Qur’an
-God’s words that were told to
Muhammad and written down
12
The Sunnah (The Five Pillars)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faith in Allah
Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
Giving alms to the poor (charity)
Fasting during Ramadan
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their
lifetime
13
Place of Origin
1. The Arabian Peninsula
a. hot and dry
2. Oasis
a. areas in desert with
water source
b. place to live
3. Caravans
a. traveled from oasis
to oasis to trade
14
Trade Routes
1. Trade routes connected Arabia
to Europe, Asia, and Africa
a. Extreme south of the peninsula to the
Byzantine Empire in the north
b. Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads in
Asia
c. Transported goods from Asia to Europe
15
Abu-Bakr
1. After Muhammad died
some Muslims
a. Refused to pay taxes
b. Tried to say they were
prophets themselves
c. Some tribes abandoned
Islam
2. Abu-Bakr
a. used the military for control
and authority.
16
Muslim Empires
1. By the time Abu died, the Muslim state
controlled all of Arabia
2. Under the next 2 caliphs they took:
a. Syria
b. Lower Egypt
c. Parts of Persia
3. By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Indus River
17
Treatment of
Conquered
People
1. Muslims were tolerant of conquered
people
2. The Quran forbids forceful conversion
a. They let others keep their religion if they
paid a poll tax
b. People who did not convert were not
allowed to spread their own religions
18
Internal Conflict
1. The 2 Caliphs
after Abu Bakr
were assassinated
2. After their
assassinations, the
elective system of
choosing caliphs
ended
19
Umayyads
1. A family that came
to power in 661
2. They set up a
hereditary system of
getting new leaders.
3. They moved the
Muslim capital to
Damascus
20
Umayyads
1. Surrounded
themselves with
riches
2. Some Muslims
did not agree
with the
Umayyads and
split.
21
The Split
• Muslims split into two
groups:
22
SHI’A
1. Believe the leader should be a
relative of Muhammad
23
SUNNI
1. This group followed the rule of
Muhammad’s example stated in
the Sunnah.
24
Cultural Blending
1. Cultural blending can be seen in
architecture
a. Existing buildings were modified
with Islamic features such as
-Multi-lobed interwoven arches
-Domes
-Minarets
-Large courtyards
25
Mosaics
1. Artwork created
using tiny pieces
of colored glass
tiles
2. Muslims use
mosaics to
create
geometric
decorations on
Mosques
26
Arabic Alphabet
1. Arabic was first
used to translate
the context of the
Quran (The Holy
Book of Islam)
2. Written from
Right to Left
3. Made up of 28
letters
27
Calligraphy
1. Art of beautiful
handwriting
2. In Islam, showing
living things in art
was not allowed
3. So artists turned to
calligraphy to
express
themselves.
28
Advancements
1. Began first hospitals, pharmacies,
medical universities, medical
encyclopedias, modern treatment
of the sick
2. Mathematicians and Astronomers
= Calculated times for prayer
29
Math
1. Al –Khwarizimi (father
of algebra)
2. Concept of zero
3. We use Arabic numbers
today (1,2,3,etc)
30
Science
• Relied on
Scientific
observation and
experimentation
• Translated and
studied Greek
texts
31
West African
Kingdoms:
Ghana, Mali and Songhai
32
VEGETATION ZONES
1. Africa
a. Second largest
continent in the world.
2. Sahara
a. world’s largest desert
3. Savanna
a. semi-dry grassland
4. Rainforest
a. tropical region
33
Ghana
1. Two most important
trading goods:
a. Gold
b. Salt
2. Gold came from the
Savanna
3. Salt deposits were
found in the Sahara
Desert
34
Ghana
1. Trans-Saharan Trade
a. Berbers traded with North and
West Africans
b. Introduced Arabic
and Islam to West Africans
c. West Africans converted to Islam
d. Arabic was used in governments
35
Mali
1. Trade
a. Used the Niger River
b. Gold most valuable
2. Mansa Musa
a. leader of Mali
b. a devout Muslim.
3. Timbuktu
a. city, center of trade and learning
b. Mansa Musa built mosques and universities
there
36
Songhai
1. New civilization near
the Niger river.
2. Two important
rulers
a. Sunni Ali
b. Askia Muhammad
37
Mesoamerican and Andean
Civilizations:
Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas
38
Mayan
Civilization
1. Location
a. Mexican & Central American rain forests
2. Government
a. city-states ruled by a king
3. Economy
a. agriculture and trade
4. Religion
a. Polytheistic (many gods) and built pyramids
5. Expanded empire through warfare
39
Mayan
Civilization
1. Achievements:
a. Had an
advanced writing system
b. Gifted
Mathematicians
c. Astronomical
observers (created
accurate calendars)
40
Aztec
Civilization
1. Location
a. Central Mexico
2. Government
a. confederation of tribes ruled by an
emperor
3. Economy
a. trade and agriculture (peppers,
chocolate, obsidian, slaves)
4. Religion
a. Polytheism and pyramids for human
sacrifice
41
Incan
Civilization
1. Location
a. Andes Mountains
South America
2. Government
a. Ruled by Emperor
3. Economy
a. Agriculture in high
altitudes
4. Religion
a. Polytheistic
42
Collapse of Aztec and Incan
Civilizations
1. Made local enemies
(internal conflicts)
2. Arrival of Spanish
Explorers
a. Cortes, Pizarro
3. Weakened by European
diseases
4. Advanced European
weapons (guns and
horses)
43
The Reunification of ChinaEmperor
Military
Economy
Education
Agriculture
-due to the establishment of a central
government
Paper, wood block printing, moveable
type…
contributed to learning
Developed in China except
gun powder
Paper
money
Eye glasses
The
compass
How Confucian thought
changed?
It mixed with Buddhist teachings
Exam for government positions-
Scholar-officials
Japan
49
Japan
1. Geography
a. Close to China
b. 1000s of islands
2. Religion
a. Shinto (belief in
kami=spirits)
50
China’s Influence
1. Prince Shotoku
a. impressed by China
b. brought Buddhism
from China to Japan
2. Buddhism
a. mixed with Shinto
b. different forms of Japanese
Buddhism developed (Amida,
Shingon, Tendai)
c. ZEN Buddhism (Most Important)
51
Chinese Influence and
Japanese Literature
1.
Japan borrowed
a. China’s writing system
b. China’s painting style
c. China’s style of central government
2.
Literature
a. The Tale of Genji (world’s first novel)
--Written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu
b. Haiku Poetry
-Showed reverence for nature
52
Samurai, Daimyo, and Shogun
1. 1100s Japan
a. Central government weakens
b. Wealthy lords (daimyos) take
control
c. Rise of a military society
(violent and unstable)
d. Shogun becomes supreme
commander
53
Samurai, Daimyo, and Shogun
2. Samurai=one who serves the daimyo
a. Followed the warrior code (bushido)
• Show courage
• Protect those who were weaker
• Die honorably
b. Gave loyalty to the daimyo
54
Medieval Europe
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
55
Feudalism
1. Development
a. Roman Empire collapsed (no
order)
b. Weak governments and constant
warfare led to a need for
protection and stability
2. Feudalism
a. workers gave landowners loyalty
in exchange for protection
56
Feudalism
3. Social Hierarchy
a. The Nobility (kings and nobles)
-owned land, kept law and order
b. Knights (lesser nobles)
-protected nobles land and workers
c. Serfs (peasants)
-worked (“tied to the land”)
57
Christianity Spreads to Europe
1. Accepted by rulers such as:
a. Clovis
b. Charlemagne
2. Monasteries
a. places where monks lived
(helped people)
b. preserved knowledge
(copied books)
c. spread Christianity
58
Charlemagne = Charles the Great
1. Became king of the Franks
2. Reunited Western Europe
a. first time since the Roman
Empire
1. Spread Christianity
throughout Europe
a. Built monasteries
b. Encouraged/forced his
subjects to convert to
Christianity
59
The Catholic Church
1. Established universities
2. Clergy
a. Provided spiritual needs
b. Provided political support to nobles
3. Established monasteries
a. Preserved Latin language and texts
4. Religious Orders
a. Groups who lived apart from society
-to focus on prayer and service to God (friars, monks,
and Franciscans)
60
Church Clergy
1.
Leaders within the Church
a. Appointed by clergy and non-clergy
nobles)
b. Helped nobles govern kingdoms
•
•
•
•
Priests=in charge of people
Bishops= in charge of priests
Archbishop= in charge of bishops
Cardinals= in charge of archbishops
• THE POPE= in charge of all Christians
– Even NOBLES?
61
Pope Gregory
VII (7th)
1. Expanded the
pope’s power in
politics.
2. Ordered that only
clergy could
appoint clergy (not
nobles)
3. Caused conflict
with nobles
(Emperor Henry
IV)
Emperor Henry
IV (4th)
1. Wanted to appoint
more clergy
2. Ignored the Pope’s
order
a. Pope responded
by excommunicating
him (banishing
from the Church)
3. Asked for the Pope’s
forgiveness (it was
given)
62
The Crusades= Holy Wars
1. The Turks
a. Muslims who took
control of Jerusalem
2. Jerusalem (the Holy Land)
a. city considered holy by
Jews, Christians, and
Muslims
3. Pope Urban II
a. Encouraged Christians
to fight the Turks in Jerusalem
b. All who fought would
have their sins forgiven
63
The Crusades
1. The 1st Crusade
a. Christians take
control of Jerusalem
b. Turks later regain
control
2. The 2nd Crusade
a. Christians attempt to
regain control of lost
territory and fail
64
The Crusades
3. The 3rd Crusade
a. Saladin and King Richard
the Lion-Hearted make a truce
b. Jerusalem would remain
under Muslim control
c. Christians would be allowed
to visit
4. The 4th Crusade
a. Christians attack Christian
cities in the Byzantine
Empire and weaken it
65
Effects of Crusades
1. Positive Effects
a. Led to a greater interest in trade
b. Stimulated the European economy
c. Transfer of knowledge and learning from
Muslims to European Christians
2. Negative Effects
a. Caused bitterness between Muslims and
Christians that lasts to this day
b. Christian hostility toward Jews and nonChristians (killing and expelling Jews from
Western Europe)
66
Modern Government Develops
1. The Magna Carta
a. Limited the King’s power (gave rights to nobles)
2. Parliament
a. Law-making body made up of nobles
b. Forced king to share law-making process
3. Habeas Corpus
a. Protection against unlawful imprisonment
4. Magna Carta, Parliament, Habeas Corpus
a. evolution of constitutional government
67
The Renaissance=
rebirth of Classical
Civilization
68
Origins of the Renaissance
1. The Bubonic Plague
a. Disease that caused death in 1/3 of the
population
b. Less workers = workers demanded
more money
c. Weakened authority of the Church,
Nobles, and feudalism
69
Origins of the Renaissance
2. The Silk Roads
a. reopened (Kublai Khan made safe to
travel)
b. Marco Polo’s travels (encouraged
journeys to Asia in search of wealth)
3. The Crusades
a. Created European demand for Asian
goods
70
Humanism
1. The belief in human potential
a. founded by Petrarch
b. Focused on classical learning (Greek and
Roman knowledge)
c. Balanced religion with intellect
2. Art and Writing
a. Emphasized human worth
b. Not only focused on religious (Christian)
themes
71
The Renaissance World
1. Started in Northern Italy
a. Cities such as Milan,
Florence, and
Venice
2. Spread to Northern
Europe
a. Germany, the
Netherlands, England
72
Renaissance Art and Literature
1. Leonardo da Vinci
a. Painted the Mona Lisa
2. Michelangelo
a. Painted the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel
3. Dante Alighieri
a. Wrote The Divine Comedy in
people’s native language (Italian) instead of Latin
4. William Shakespeare
a. Wrote plays and poems about human nature
73
The Printing Press
1. Spread learning
a. Invented by Johann Gutenberg
b. Based on Chinese technology that
spread through the Silk Roads
c. Produced books faster
d. Cost of books dropped
e. Common people could afford them
f. Common people read and learned
74
The Printing Press
2. The Bible
a. printed in vernacular
(common language)
b. Common people could read
it (not only clergy)
c. Different interpretations
spread
d. Weakened the Church’s
authority
Latin
1. In principio creavit Deus
cælum, et terram.
2. Terra autem erat inanis et
vacua, et tenebræ erant
super faciem abyssi: et
Spiritus Dei ferebatur super
aquas.
English
1. In the beginning, God
created heaven and earth.
2. But the earth was empty and
void, and darkness was over
the face of the abyss; and so
the Spirit of God was brought
over the waters.
75
The Protestant Reformation
76
The Church Weakens
1. The Great Schism (split)
a. Roman and Avignon
Popes compete for
religious authority
b. Church reestablishes its
center of power in Rome
-leads to confusion
77
Church Corruption
1. Church Building Projects
a. Symbol of power needed
-St. Peter’s Basilica built
2. Church needed money for buildings
a. Charged indulgences
- payment to enter heaven
78
Protestant Leaders
1. Protestants
a. People who protested the Church
b. Wanted to reform (improve) the Church
2. Dutch Protestant Leader
a. Desiderius Erasmus
-emphasized living a true Christian life
- criticized clergy for not living Christian
lives
-influenced later reformers
79
Protestant Leaders
3. German Protestant Leader
a. Martin Luther
-emphasized faith
-criticized Church practices (indulgences)
-followers=Lutherans
4. French Protestant Leader
a. John Calvin
-emphasized predestination (the Church does not
decide who is saved, only God, before birth)
-followers = Calvinists
80
Protestant Leaders
5. English Protestant Leaders
a. William Tyndale
-translated Bible into English
-persecuted and executed
b. King Henry VIII (the 8th)
-rejected the power of the Pope
-founded the Church of England
(the Anglican Church)
81
Catholic Europe vs. Protestant Europe
1. Regions that remained
Catholic:
a. Spain, Portugal, Italy
b. Parts of France and
Germany
2. Regions that became
Protestant:
a. England
b. Parts of France and
Germany
82
New World Colonies
1.
Catholic Colonies:
a. Spanish,
Portuguese, and
French
2. Protestant Colonies
a. English=British,
Dutch
3. More Catholic colonies
a. b/c Catholic regions sent
more missionaries to
convert the local native
people
83
Self-government
1.
2.
Protestant Churches
a. Governed by members, not the pope
b. Led to federalism
-sharing power between organizations and
members
Constitutional Governments
a. Power shared between governments and
people
b. Different than monarchy (rule by king and
nobles)
c. Formed as result of federalism
its
The Counter-Reformation
1. Attempts to Reform the Catholic Church
from within
a. The Council of Trent
b. The Jesuits
c. The Inquisition
2. The Council of Trent
a. a meeting of Catholic officials to clarify
the Catholic belief system
The Counter-Reformation
3. The Jesuits
a. Militant priests
b. Spread Catholicism
c. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
4. The Inquisition
a. Intimidating investigations into people’s
faith
b. Non-Catholics (Jews, Muslims and
Protestants) forced to leave Spain
The Scientific
Revolution
1. Origins of Scientific Thinking
a. Greek Rationalism
-using logical thought to understand the
world
-Aristotle and Ptolemy (geocentric
theory= sun revolves around Earth)
- wrong of course, but used logic to
develop the theory
The Scientific Revolution
b. Jewish Contributions to Science
-writings on many subjects influenced
Muslim and Christian scholars
(Maimonides)
-theorized that distance between stars
and Earth was huge (Gersonides)
The Scientific Revolution
c. Muslim Contributions to Science
- developed algebra (al-Khwarizmi)
-understood diseases (al-Razi)
-organized all medical knowledge (Ibn
Sina)
The Scientific Revolution
d. Christian Contributions to Science
-limited (few contributions) due to
Christianity’s emphasis on faith
-However, Thomas Aquinas tried to show
that faith and reason could coexist
- The Renaissance revitalized science in
Christian Europe
New Scientific Theories
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
a. Introduced Heliocentric Theory
-idea that Earth revolves around the
sun
2. Johannes Kepler
a. developed heliocentric theory
b. Theorized that planets move in
elliptical (oval-shaped) orbits around
the sun
The Scientific Revolution
3. Galileo
a. proved Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
with telescope
b. Challenged Church beliefs
4. Isaac Newton
a. Developed theory of universal
gravitation (everything has gravity)
New Inventions
1. Telescope
a. Originated in Asia
b. Used for astronomical observations
2. Microscope
a. Invented by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
b. Observed bacteria and blood flow
New Inventions
3.
Thermometer
a. Galileo invented an early one
b. G.D. Fahrenheit made first mercury thermometer
-proposed first formal temperature system of
measurement
4.
Barometer
a. Invented by Evangelista Torricelli
b. Measures atmospheric pressure
c. Used in weather prediction
The New Scientific Rationalism
1. Rene Descartes
a. Believed every idea should be proven
with reason
b. “Cogito ergo sunt!” (“I think, therefore
I am!)”
c. Developed the idea of two realities
-physical reality and reality of the mind
The Scientific Method
1. Francis Bacon
a. Understand the world through observations
and experiments
2. Weakened the Church
a. Scientific Rationalism encouraged people to
think for themselves
The Age of Exploration
1. Portuguese Exploration
a. Henry the Navigator
-established trade with West Africa
b. Bartolomeu Dias
-sailed to the Southern tip of Africa
c. Vasco da Gama
-sailed to India by sailing around
Africa
The Age of Exploration
2. Spanish Exploration
a. Christopher Columbus
-planned to sail west on the Atlantic
Ocean to reach India
-reach the Americas by accident
b. Ferdinand Magellan=circumnavigation
-sailed around the world
The Age of Exploration
1. The Columbian Exchange
a. Transfer of organisms (living things)
-between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) &
the New World (North & South America)
Originated in the Old World
Originated in the New World
1. Wheat, rice, oats
1. Cacao, avocado, peppers
2. Cattle, sheep, pigs, horses
2. Corn, beans, tomatoes,
potatoes
3. Smallpox, influenza, measles
3. Turkey
The Enlightenment
1. Colonization
a. European countries started
colonies in the New World
b. Claimed resources
c. Sold resources for money
2. Capitalism = profit
a. Owning resources and charging
for
their use
The Enlightenment
3. Mercantilism
a. European countries compete for
power
-more wealth =more power
b. Goal: to have a Favorable Balance of
Trade
-selling more; buying less
The Age of Reason
1. Changes in Government
a. John Locke
-believed the purpose of
government was to protect
people’s natural rights
b. Charles-Louis Montesquieu
-believed government power
should be divided into 3 separate
and equal branches
The Age of Reason
2. The American Revolution
a. British colonies in North America
revolted against Great Britain
b. They formed a government based on
Enlightenment ideas
The Age of Reason
4. The American Founders
a. Benjamin Franklin
-Scientist, inventor, writer,
statesman
-Defended freedom of religion
-Promoted American
independence
The Age of Reason
5. Thomas Jefferson
a. Inventor, scientist, writer, statesman
b. Wrote the Declaration of Independence
6.
The Declaration of Independence
a. Explains the colonies separation from
England
b. Uses John Locke’s ideas
- “All men are created equal…endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable
rights…”