Transcript File

GLOBAL HISTORY
REGENTS REVIEW
THEMATIC REVIEW
Early Civilizations
Geography and Environment
Belief Systems : Religions & Philosophies
Economic Systems
Political Systems
Change: Revolution
Key People
Nationalism and Imperialism
Conflict
Organizations & Groups
Global Concerns
EARLY CIVLIZATIONS
CONTRIBUTIONS
Mesopotamia: legal system, cuneiform, wheel
Egypt: hieroglyphics, architecture
Greece: democracy, architecture, philosophy,
Rome: republic, law, architecture, Latin
Phoenicians: alphabet, trade
China: silk, gunpowder, papermaking
Hebrews: monotheism, Ten Commandments
Muslims: algebra, astronomy, medicine
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT
Natural Resources: iron ore + coal in Britain =
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Rivers: early civilizations – Nile River, Indus, Huang
He, Tigris & Euphrates
Island Status: Japan’s and Great Britain’s isolation
and limited natural resources = imperialism &
industrialization.
Harsh Winter: Russia’s “General Winter” – helped
defeat Napoleon & Hitler.
Land Bridge: Korea as cultural land bridge between
Japan & China = CULTURAL DIFFUSION
BELIEF SYSTEMS
RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHIES
JUDAISM
HOLY BOOK: TORAH
BELIEFS: monotheistic, chosen people, Ten Commandments
IMPACT: anti-Semitism during Middle Ages, Holocaust & pogroms, Zionism (Jewish
nationalism)
CHRISTIANITY
HOLY BOOK: BIBLE
BELIEFS: monotheistic, Jesus Christ, Ten Commandments
Western Europe: Catholicism
Byzantine Empire: Orthodoxy
IMPACT: Spread through Age of Imperialism “White Man’s Burden”, Medieval Church,
Crusades, Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)
ISLAM
HOLY BOOK: KORAN
BELIEFS: monotheistic, Five Pillars of Faith (FPAFP) Sharia (Islamic Laws)
IMPACT: Spread through trade (Mansa Musa) & conquest (Ottoman Empire)
BELIEF SYSTEMS
RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHIES
BUDDHISM
BELIEFS: reincarnation, nirvana
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
LIFE IS SUFFERING
SUFFERING IS CAUSED BY DESIRE
ELIMINATE DESIRE = ELIMINATE SUFFERING
EIGHTFOLD PATH (right thinking/right action) helps
overcome desire
IMPACT: Spread from India throughout South Asia
BELIEF SYSTEMS
RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHIES
CONFUCIANISM
FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS
FILIAL PIETY = RESPECT FOR FAMILY
IMPACT: Provides social order, encourages education.
HINDUISM
HOLY BOOK: VEDAS & UPANISHADS
BELIEFS: hybrid polytheism, caste system, reincarnation, karma,
dharma
IMPACT: caste system in rural areas but weakened in cities;
SEPOY MUTINY
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
TRADITIONAL: subsistence farming
MANORIALISM: feudal manor (little trade)
MERCANTILISM: favorable balance of trade (increase exports, limit
imports)
LEADS TO IMPERIALISM
FREE MARKET/ LAISSEZ-FAIRE: capitalism, profit, private ownership,
limited government interference
COMMAND ECONOMY: communism, Marxist government makes all
economic decisions.
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
DEMOCRACY
DIRECT = ATHENS
INDIRECT = ROME
(Republic = representative democracy)
PARLIAMENTARY = ENGLAND
WORD ASSOCIATION for DEMOCRACY: PERICLES,
REPUBLIC, JOHN LOCKE, ENLIGHTENMENT
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
COMMUNISM/MARXIST SOCIALISM:
GOVERNMENT CONTROLS SPRITE
RUSSIA/SOVIET UNION = LENIN, STALIN
CHINA = MAO ZEDONG, DENG XIAOPING
CUBA = CASTRO
VIETNAM = HO CHI MINH
CAMBODIA = POL POT
NORTH KOREA = KIM JONG IL
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
AUTHORITARIAN: a lot of control
TOTALITARIAN: total control – technology needed
FASCISM: imperialism + nationalism + racism
(Mussolini & Hitler)
THEOCRACY: religious rule (Ayatollah Khomeini)
AUTOCRACY: rule by one (Russian czars)
ABSOLUTISM: divine right (Louis XIV)
FEUDALISM: decentralization, hierarchy (Western
Europe and Japan)
REVOLUTIONS
NEOLITHIC : from nomadic hunters & gatherers to
domestication of animals & farmers
COMMERCIAL: from limited trade based on barter to urban
centers, new middle class, leads to capitalism &
mercantilism
SCIENTIFIC: from Medieval thinking (Church & Aristotle)
to use of observation & reason (experimentation)
GLORIOUS: from absolutism of James II to Bill of Rights
limiting power of monarchy in Britain
FRENCH: from absolute monarchy of Louis XVI to
democratic ideas of Enlightenment, end of Ancien Regime
REVOLUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL: from homemade goods to factory
goods
RUSSIAN: from autocratic rule of Nicholas II to
communism under Lenin (Russia = first communist
nation)
CHINESE: from warlord control/civil war with
nationalissts to communism under Mao Zedong
IRANIAN: from western rule of Shah Reza Pahlevi to
Islamic Fundamentalism of Ayatollah Khomeini
GREEN: from limited crop yield to double crop yield
in South/Southeast Asia
KINGDOMS & EMPIRES
KINGDOMS/EMPIRES – expanded territory/control through
conquest
AFRICAN KINGDOMS: GHANA, MALI, SONGHAI
Gold salt-trade, Golden Age, Mansa Musa adopts ISLAM
LATIN AMERICA: MAYA, AZTEC, INCA
Calendar, warrior society, social organization
ROMAN EMPIRE
Pax Romana, rise of Christianity, decline into the Dark
Ages
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Constantinople, Justinian Code, Eastern Orthodoxy
influences Russia
MUGHAL EMPIRE
Akbar the Great, Religious tolerance between Muslims and
Hindus, Golden Age
KEY PEOPLE (TYPES)
NATIONALISTS
COMMUNISTS
WOMEN
SUPPORTERS OF WESTRNIZATION
ARTISTS, THINKERS AND INVENTORS
ENLIGHTENED THINKERS
RUTHLESS LEADERS
RELIGIOUS LEADERS
OTHERS
NATIONALISTS
LATIN AMERICA: Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L’Overture, Jose de
San Martin
ITALY: Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi
GERMANY: Bismarck
INDIA: Gandhi
AFRICA: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Nelson Mandela
CHINA: Sun Yat Sen, Jiang Jieshi
COMMUNISTS
MARX
LENIN
STALIN
CASTRO
MAO ZEDONG, DENG XIAOPING
HO CHI MINH
KIM JONG IL
WOMEN
INDIRA GANDHI
BENAZIR BHUTTO
GOLDA MEIR
MARGARET THATCHER
MOTHER TERESA
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
OLYMPE DE GOUGES
SUPPORTERS OF WESTERNIZATION
PETER THE GREAT
CATHERINE THE GREAT
SHAH REZA PAHLEVI
KEMAL ATATURK
MEIJI RESTORATION
RENAISSNACE ARTISTS,
THINKERS & INVENTORS
ARTISTS: NINJA TURTLES
LEONARDO
MICHELANGELO
DONATELLO
RAPHAEL
THINKERS
MACHIAVELLI
MORE
CASTIGLIONE
ERASMUS
SHAKESPEARE
INVENTORS
GUTENBERG
ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS
THE GOOD
HOBBES
LEVIATHAN: Powerful government needed
LOCKE
LIFE, LIBERY, PROPERTY
ROUSSEAU
MAJORITY SHOULD WORK FOR COMMON GOOD
VOLTAIRE
FREE SPEECH
TOLERANCE
MONTESQUIEU
SEPARATION OF POWERS
ADAM SMITH
LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM
TYRANTS
THE BAD AND UGLY
ROBESPIERRE
ADOLF HITLER
BENITO MUSSOLINI
JOSEF STALIN
POL POT
MAO ZEDONG
SADAM HUSSEIN
RELIGIOUS LEADERS
MARTIN LUTHER
PROTEST + REFORM =
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
GOAL: TO REFORM RCC
95 THESES PROTESTED THE SALE OF INDULGENCES
FAITH ALONE GETS YOU INTO HEAVEN
IMPACT: PR shatters unity of Western Europe
COLD WAR
U.S. vs. USSR
DEMOCRACY vs. COMMUNISM
CONTAINMENT: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin
Airlift
BRINKMANSHIP: Cuban Missile Crisis
Détente: SALT I & II
Fall of Berlin Wall
ORGANIZATIONS
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
GOAL: Western nations to support one another in case of attack
WARSAW PACT
GOAL: Alliance among USSR and satellites; promising military cooperation
UNITED NATIONS
GOAL: To promote global peace, encourage economic/social well-being
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
GOAL: To control oil industry by setting production levels/prices
PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization
GOAL: To create an independent state of Palestine
NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement
GOAL: To promote free trade
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
GOAL: To expand free trade in Europe
GLOBAL CONCERNS
ENVIRONMENT
POLLUTION/ACID RAIN/OZONE LAYER
DEFORESTATION
ENDANGERED SPECIES
DESERTIFICATION
INTERDEPENDENCE
WE LIVE IN A GLOBAL VILLAGE – THE INTERNET LINKS US ALL
ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
SPACE AGE
SATELLITES
EXPLORATION
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
VACCINES, TRANSPLANTS, ANTIBIOTICS, LASERS
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
WEAPONS/WASTE/ACCIDENTS