Transcript period06_10_2x

CHAPTER 5
Absolute Monarchs in
Europe
SPANISH EMPIRE

Philip II: the son of the Hapsburg king, Charles V
- inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, the American colonies
- Spanish Armada: to punish Protestant England

England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada
- weakened Spain and sped up its downfall

The Dutch Revolt: religious conflict and economic crisis
- formed a republic: the United Provinces of the Netherlands
ABSOLUTISM


IN
EUROPE
Absolute monarchs
- kings or queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries
Believed in divine right
- the idea that God created the monarchy so they can act as God’s
representative on Earth
FRENCH MONARCHY

Henry IV: Bourbon dynasty in France
- Edict of Nantes: the declaration of religious toleration

Cardinal Richelieu: Louis XIII’s ambitious minister
- moved against Huguenots (French Protestants)
- weakened nobles’ power

Skepticism: developed from French religious war
- the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain

Louis XIV: “The Sun King”
- increased the power of intendants: government agents who collected taxes and
administered justice

Jean Baptiste Colbert: Louis XIV’s minister of finance
- believed in the theory of mercantilism

War of the Spanish Succession: prevent the Bourbon’s power
- European nations joined together to prevent the unions of the French and
Spanish thrones
CENTRAL EUROPEAN MONARCHS CLASH

Thirty Year’s War: a conflict over religion and territory and
for power among European ruling families (1618 – 1648)
- The Hapsburg (Catholic) vs. Protestants (Bohemia, Germany)

Austrian Hapsburgs Grow Stronger: absolute monarchs
- reconquered Bohemia and wiped out Protestantism
- Maria Theresa inherited the Austrian Throne

The Rise of Prussia: Frederick the Great (Frederick II)
- the son of the Great Elector (Frederick William)
- encouraged religious toleration, legal reform

The Seven Year’s War: Prussia attacked Austria
- Austria, France, Russia allied against Britain, Prussia
- the territorial situation in Europe didn’t change
ABSOLUTE RULERS

RUSSIA
OF
Ivan the Terrible: the first Russian czar, married Anastasia
- struggled for power among boyars (Russia’s landowning nobles)
- Good Period

Anastasia died
Bad Period (ruled by terror, executed boyars)
Peter the Great: absolute ruler and great reformer
- “Grand Embassy”: a long visit to Europe
- Westernization: using western Europe as a model to change Russia
introduced potatoes to the Russian diet
raised women’s status
started Russia’s first newspaper
opened schools of arts & science
- wanted a warm-water port “window on Europe”
built St. Petersburg on Swedish
PARLIAMENT LIMITS THE ENGLISH MONARCHY


Charles I Fights Parliament (England’s nation legislature)
English Civil War: 1642 – 1649
- Royalists (supported Charles I) vs. Roundheads (Puritan supporters of Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell: led the Puritans to victory
- abolished monarchy and established a republican government
- eventually became a military dictator

Restoration: the period of Charles II’s rule
- Charles II restored the monarchy after Cromwell’s death
- Parliament passed habeas corpus: prisoner have the right to be brought before a
judge to specify the charges against him

Glorious Revolution: the bloodless overthrow of King James II
- William and Mary were crowned
- England became a constitutional monarchy: laws limited the ruler’s power
- Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights: limited the monarchy’s power

Cabinet System: a group of government ministers, or officials
- the link between the monarch and the Parliament
CHAPTER 6
Enlightenment &
Revolution
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Aristotle’s Geocentric theory: the Medieval View of the universe
- the earth-centered view

Copernicus’s Heliocentric theory: new ideas
- the sun-centered view

Galileo Galilei: new astronomical theories
- his findings outraged the Catholic Church

Scientific Method: a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
developed from: Bacon: empiricism – to draw conclusions from experiments
Descartes: logic & mathematics “I think, there I am.”

Isaac Newton: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
- discovery of the law of universal gravitation
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
- A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power
of individuals to solve problems

Two Views on Government:
- Hobbes’s social contract: people create government to exchange order
- John Locke’s Natural Rights: life, liberty, and property

Philosophes: French philosophers
- Voltaire: freedom of thought and expression, religious freedom
- Montesquieu: separation of powers  dividing government into 3 branches
- Rousseau: The Social Contract  direct democracy
- Beccaria: abolishment of torture

Women during the Enlightenment
- Mary Wollstonecraft: women’s equality

Legacy:
- belief in progress
- a more secular outlook
- importance of the individual
THE ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS


Salon: a social gathering of intellectuals and artists
Diderot: Encyclopedia – European scholars’ articles and essays

Artistic Styles:

Music Styles:
Baroque
(grand, ornate design)
Organ/choral music
(Bach, Handel)

Neoclassical
(new classical)
(simple, elegant style)
Classical
- Vienna
(Mozart, Beethoven)
Enlightened Despots: the absolute rulers
who embraced the idea of Enlightenment
- Frederick the Great (Prussia): called himself
“the first servant of the state”
- Joseph II (Austria): abolished serfdom
- Catherine the Great (Russia): expanded Russia,
Enlightened reforms
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

The Navigation Act
The Stamp Act
colonists can only sell their most
valuable products to Britain
Second Continental
Congress
Boston Tea Party
George Ⅲ closed the
Boston Harbor
1773
French and Indian War
George Washington led
the revolution
1774
First Continental
Congress
protested in Philadelphia

1775
colonists accused Britain of
“taxation without representation”
Victory!
the Articles of Confederation:
a republic
1776
1781
Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson
- Locke’s ideas
Government: three separate branches
- checks and balances: each branch checking the actions of the other two
- federal system: power was divided between national and state governments
- Bill of Rights: the amendments that protected freedom of speech, press,
assembly, and religion.
CHAPTER 7
The French Revolution
& Napoleon
THE OLD ORDER
Old Regime
the old social and political
system of France
First Estate
- clergy
Second Estate
- rich nobles
Third Estate
- bourgeoisie, urban
lower class, peasants
The Privileged Estates
- scorned Enlightenment ideas
The Third Estate
- embraced Enlightenment ideas
THE FORCES
OF
CHANGE
Resentment against the Old Regime
Economic troubles
– taxes
– starvation
– government’s debts




Enlightenment ideas
- American Revolution
Weak leader
- Louis XVI
- Marie Antoinette
REVOLUTION BEGINS

Estates-General: the assembly of representatives from all 3 estates
National
Assembly
Tennis Court
Oath
The Fall of
Bastille
The Third
Estate
The pledge of the
National Assembly
The revolution
began-July 14, 1789
Great Fear
A wave of senseless
panic rolled through
France
REFORM



AND
DIVISIONS
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
A State-Controlled Church
New Constitution
- Constitutional Monarchy
- Legislative Assembly: create laws,
approve/reject declarations of wars
REIGN

OF

Émigrés
– nobles who had fled France
- hoped to restore the Old Regime

Sans-culottes
- Parisian workers
- wanted radical change
TERROR
Jacobins took control
- radical political organization
- abolished the monarchy
- declared France a republic
- executed Louis XVI using guillotine

Maximilien Robespierre
- ruled as a dictator
- republic of virtue
- the Committee of Public Safety
NAPOLEON RULES FRANCE







Coup d'état: a sudden seizure of power
Plebiscite (vote of the people): approved new constitution
Tax collection & national banking system
Set up lycées: government-run public school
Signed a concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII
Napoleonic Code
Crowned as emperor in 1804
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE

Sending troops to Saint Domingue
- Goal: hoped to restore sugar industry
- Result: sold the Louisiana Territory to the US

Loss in the Battle of Trafalgar to British navy
NAPOLEON’S COSTLY MISTAKES

The Continental System
- set up blockade: a forcible closing of ports
- to destroy Britain’s economy
- Britain responded with its own blockade: stronger navy

The Peninsular War: Spain (Iberian Peninsula)
- Napoleon removed Spanish King
- Rebellion of Guerrillas (Spanish peasant fighters)

The Invasion of Russia
- Alexander I’s scorched-earth policy:
burning crops & killing livestock so the enemy has nothing to eat
- Moscow’s bad weather: damaged the Grand Army
Banished to Elba

The Hundred Days: Napoleon’s last bid for power
- Waterloo: defeated by British & Prussian forces
THE CONGRESS


OF
VIENNA
– A SERIES OF MEETINGS
Establish peace and stability
Klemens von Metternich : powerful Austrian minister
- The Containment of France
- Balance of Power: no country would be a threat to others
- Legitimacy: restore Europe’s royal families
CONSERVATIVE EUROPE


Holy Alliance - Russia, Prussia, Austria:
pledged to base governments on Christian principles
Concert of Europe – a series of alliances:
nations would help each other if any revolutions occurred
Long-Term Legacy: Nationalism
CHAPTER 8
Nationalist Revolutions
Sweep the West
LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE
Spanish-American society
Spaniards born in Latin America –
rise as officers in armies
Persons of mixed European and
African ancestry
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
People born in Spain –
hold high office in government
Persons of mixed European and
Indian ancestry
Enslaved Africans
Indians

Creoles Lead Independence:
Simón Bolívar:
Won Venezuela’s independence
from Spain

1822
Met in Ecuador

José de San Martín:
freed Argentina & Chile (with
O’Higgins’s help)
Freed Spanish
colonies
Mexico: Indians and mestizos led the revolution
- Miguel Hidalgo: a priest who called for rebellion against the Spanish
- José María Morelos: the leader of the revolution after Hidalgo was defeated
EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS

Clash of Philosophies – political thoughts
- Conservative: wealthy property owner & nobles support monarchies
- Liberal: middle-class business leader & merchants more power to parliaments
- Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy

Nationalism: the belief that people’s greatest loyalty shouldn’t be to a king but
to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

Nation-state: when a nation had its own independent government that defended
its territory and way of life

Radicals in France Split into Factions: violence and chaos
- Louis-Napoleon: the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
- won the presidential election
- became Emperor Napoleon III: the French welcomed a strong
ruler to bring peace

Reform in Russia:
- Defeat in Crimean War Alexander II reformed Russia: freed the serfs
NATIONALISM:
A FORCE FOR UNITY OR DISUNITY

The Breakup of the Austrian Empire (Hapsburgs)

The Russian Empire Crumbles (Romanovs)
- Russification: forcing Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire
- the policy disunified Russia

The Ottoman Empire Weakens (Turks)

Italy
- Camillo di Cavour led northern Italian unification
- with Napoleon III’s help fought against Austria
- Giuseppe Garibaldi helped southern Italy rebels
- agreed to let the Sardinian king rule the southern areas

Germany
- Prussia led German unification
- Junker: strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy
landowning class
- Junker Otto von Bismarck took control: prime minister of Prussia
realpolitik: “the politics of reality” – the practice of tough
power politics without room for idealism “blood and ion”
REVOLUTIONS

IN THE
ARTS
Romanticism: the new movement in art and ideas that focused on
emotion and nature rather than reason and society (early 19th century)
Literature
- Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther
- Hugo: The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Misérables
- Shelley: the Gothic novel Frankenstein
Romantic Composers: celebrated heroism and national pride
- Liszt & Beethoven

Realism: the artistic movement in which writers and
painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it
should be (mid 19th century)
- Daguerre: first practical photographs

Impressionism:
the movement in which artists reacted
against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of
subjects or moments in time (19th century)