Transcript File - History With Mrs. Guyars

AP Euro Review
1648-1815
Part II
Proto-Industrialization and the
Agricultural Revolution
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The Little Ice Age: 14th – 18th
Centuries
Colder winters to Europe
and North America
Mean average temperatures
declined 0.6 C (1.1 F)
Followed the Medieval
Warming Period
Cold winters and cool, wet
summers led to crop failures
and famines
Population growth & decline
in the death rate with rising
temperatures
European agricultural
system unable to feed its
population via feudal
common field system
PROTOINDUSTIALIZATION
• the period in between
feudalism and before the
industrial revolution and
the major institutions of
the factory systems.
• Putting-out
system/cottage industry
– Rural manufacturing
– Traditional manufacturing
processes
– More independence for
women
– Could not meet demand
from rising population
(“Proto-industrialization”)
France: SEIGNEURIALISM
• Land contract between
peasant and lord requiring
annual payments and taxes
(corvee) to use infrastructure
(flour mill, wine press, ovens,
etc.)
• Promoted dissatisfaction in
late 18th C. France
• prominent in France,
Germany, Spain, and Italy.
• did not promote technological
innovation
Le Nain, Peasant Family,
17th Century.
English Society and Mercantilism
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Post-1689 English promoting distilleries to boost low grain prices and increase
trade with its colonies
Banned French wine and spirit imports to shift the balance of trade
Gin Act of 1736: gin consumption having negative social consequences,
government imposed taxes (abolished 1743)
‘the poor only had two enjoyments: sex and drinking’ and “drunkenness was by far
the most desired”
William Hogarth (1751)
Beer Street
Gin Lane
Mercantilism: 17th-18th C.
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The dominant economic and political doctrine among the Western European
maritime powers (the Atlantic Five)
– Required merchant marine and navy
Age of Exploration: Implementation of the Triangular Trade
Gold and silver mined and shipped as bullion to Europe where it was minted into
coin and circulated in European markets
The merchant fleets were privately-owned, joint-stock trading companies
sanctioned by the governments
– Increased demand for Asian market goods and gun-boat diplomacy
– Profit reinvested in overseas ventures AND in agricultural and (later in
England) industrial technologies
Post-Industrial Revolution, capitalism replaced mercantilism as the dominant
economic trend
The Physiocrats: The Theory of
Wealth, 18th C.
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Francois Quesnay
– Wealth derived from the value of
agriculture
– Scientific approach to economics
– Unchanging laws governed economic
principles
– Opposed to government intervention
A.R.J. Turgot
– Intendant for Louis XV and
Comptroller for Louis XVI before
French Rev. “no bankruptcy, no taxes
increases, no borrowing”
Marquis de Condorcet
– Equal rights for women, abolition of
slavery
– Progressive taxation, social welfare
Capitalism: Adam Smith
• 1776: The Wealth of
Nations
• Laissez-faire: Invisible
hand
– Law of Supply and
Demand
– Profit-motive
– Law of Competition
The Enlightenment –
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18
And Enlightened Absolutism
C.
Centers of the Enlightenment
Origins of the Enlightenment
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Scientific Revolution
Skepticism
Classicism
Deism
Impact of the Enlightenment on
society:
▪ secularism
▪ Revolutions in France and
the Americas
▪ laissez-faire capitalism
▪ Education reform
▪ Enlightened despotism in
central and eastern Europe
Philosophes
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Philosophes were writers, artists,
scientists, musicians, economists,
etc.
Believed that reason could be
applied to all aspects of life
Optimistic about how people
should live and govern themselves
Key concepts:
▪ Secularism
▪ education
▪ Natural Laws
▪ Constitutionalism
▪ Social progress & justice
▪ tolerance
▪ Liberty
▪ Utilitarianism – greatest good
for the greatest number
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Voltaire
Montesquieu
Beccaria
Rousseau
Diderot
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Astell
Emilie du Chatelet
Spread of the Enlightenment
Women played a big role in
salon movement
▪ Organized by the upper
classes, mainly women
▪ Marie-Therese Geoffrin,
most influential and
patron of Diderot’s
Encyclopedia
▪ Madame de Stael later
brought German
romantic ideas into
France in early 1800s
Ideas also spread through
coffeehouses, academies, lending
libraries and the novel, and Masonic
lodges.
Later Enlightenment (18th C.): age of skepticism
David Hume (1711-1776)
▪ He claimed desire, not
reason, governed human
behavior
▪ As a skeptic, he believed
human ideas resulted from
sensory experiences thus
undermining emphasis on
reason
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
▪ Argued science could
describe nature, but could
not guide morality
▪ “categorical imperative”
was an intuitive instinct,
placed by God in the human
conscience
Enlightened Despotism (c. 1740-1815)
▪ Inspired by and encouraged by philosophes
▪ Believed absolute rulers should promote good of the people,
but (like Hobbes) people could not rule themselves
▪ Modest reforms:
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Religious toleration
Simplified legal codes
Access to education
Reduction of torture and death penalty
Frederick the Great (II) of Prussia (r. 17401786)
War of Austrian Succession
(1740-1748)
▪ Frederick invaded and annexed
Silesia, part of Austrian
Hapsburg empire violating
Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
▪ Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle:
Prussia gained Silesia thereby
doubling its population
▪ Prussia recognized as one of
Europe’s “Great Powers”
Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763)
▪ Maria Theresa sought to regain
Silesia with new allies, Russia and
France
▪ Diplomatic Revolution 1756: France
and Austria ally against Prussia
▪ Britain supported Prussia financially
as a check on France
▪ Bloodiest war since Thirty Years’ War
▪ Became world war included
struggle for N. America
▪ Prussia on verge of defeat, Peter
III pulled Russia out of war in
1763 (assassinated)
Treaty of Paris 1763
▪ Prussia retained Silesia
▪ France lost all its colonies in
N. America to Britain
▪ Britain gained more
territory in India at French
expense
Enlightened Reforms
“First Servant of the State”
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Remained an absolute ruler – reforms
intended to increase power of state
Peasants did not benefit
Allowed religious freedom (except Jews)
Promoted education
Codified laws
Freed serfs on crown lands
Exams for civil service jobs
Reduced censorship
Abolished capital punishment
Encouraged immigration and industrial
and agricultural growth
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great of Russia (r.
1762-1796)
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Background:
The least “enlightened” of the enlightened
despots
Educational reforms
Restricted torture
Limited degree of religious toleration
Allowed stronger local governments led by
elected councils of nobles
Pugachev Rebellion 1773
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Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier,
led huge serf uprising
Catherine needed nobles and thus
gave them absolute control over serfs
Territorial gains:
Shortcomings of reforms:
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Only state and nobility benefitted
Serfdom became more severe
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Annexed Polish territory under the 3
partitions with Prussia and Austria in
1772, 1793, and 1795
Gained Ottoman land in the Crimea
Conquest of Caucasus region
Used lands to curry favor with nobles
Maria Theresa of Austria (r. 17401780)
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She centralized control of Hapsburg Empire
by limiting power of the nobles
▪ Reduced their power over serfs
▪ Some were freed, feudal dues were
reduced or eliminated, nobles were
taxed
▪ She did more than any other ruler to
improve condition of serfs
▪ Increased army
▪ Improved tax system
▪ Reduced torture
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Brought the Church under state
control and taxed it
Promoted economy:
▪ Abolished guilds
▪ Encouraged immigration
▪ Improved transportation
Joseph II (r. 1780-1790) of Austria
▪ Ruled with mother as co-regent until her death
▪ Greatest of enlightened despots in terms of reforms, however, least
effective
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Reforms:
Abolished serfdom and feudal dues 1781 (rescinded after his death)
Freedom of religion and civic rights to Protestants and Jews
Reduced influence of Catholic Church
Freedom of the press
Reformed judicial system (abolished torture and death penalty)
Expanded state schools
Established hospitals, insane asylums, orphanages, and poorhouses
Made parks and gardens available to public
Made German official language
Decline of Hapsburg Empire under
Joseph II
▪ Austria defeated several
times in wars with Ottomans
▪ Austrian Netherlands in
revolt
▪ Russia threatening territory
in eastern Europe and
Balkans
▪ Brother, Leopold II, reversed
many reforms to maintain
empire
Neoclassical Art, 18th C.
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renewed interest in classical
antiquity.
The Neoclassical movement
encompassed painting,
sculpture, but architecture is
regarded as the most
prominent manifestation of this
interest & fascination with
Greek and Roman culture.
The geometric harmony of
classical art & architecture
seemed to embody
Enlightenment ideals.
Greco-Roman traditions of
liberty, civic virtue, morality,
and patriotic sacrifice served as
ideal models.
The Neoclassical style became
the French Revolution’s
semiofficial voice.
Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer, 1827, Louvre, Paris.
Boyle & Kent, Chiswick House, London, 1725.
acques-Louis David, Oath
of the Horatii, 1784 (salon
of 1785) oil on canvas, 3.3
x 4.25m (Louvre)
• Transition from the
sensual frivolity of
the Rococo period
to the emphasis on
reason and morals
of the Neoclassical
period
• Born out of the
Enlightenment
Antonio CANOVA (1757 – 1822)Psyche
Revived by Cupid’s KissMarble
The French Revolution &
Napoleon
1789-1815
Four Stages of the Revolution
1.
Moderate Bourgeois Stage (1789-1793)
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1st Constitution & Declaration of Rights
(National Assembly – Legislative Assembly)
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
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Radical & bloody phase under Maximilien Robespierre
(National Convention)
3.
Conservative Phase: Backlash against the Terror (17951799)
1.
Attempts at stability & moderation
(The Directory)
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Shifts back toward dictatorship (1799-1815)
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Napoleon becomes consul (dictator), and later, emperor
(French Empire)
Why did millions of French people suddenly revolt against
institutions their ancestors had accepted for hundreds of years?
Causes of the French
Revolution:
1. Enlightenment
philosophy
2. American Revolution
3. Social inequality – the
“Ancien” (Old) Regime
4. Economic crisis in
France
Bourgeois Phase 1789-1792:
• 1789: Louis XVI and the Estates- General
• Tennis Court Oath (June)
• The National Assembly
– Fall of the Bastille (July)
– The Great Fear
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
(August)
– Olympe de Gouges (1791)
• Women’s March on Versailles (October)
• 1790: Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• 1791: 1st French Constitution & the
Legislative Assembly
• Royals flee!
• 1792: Brunswick Manifesto and the First
Coalition
• September Massacres
Radical Phase (1793-1794)
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1792: the National Convention (Sept.)
under Girondin rule
1793: execution of the king (Jan.)
Committee of Public Safety (June)
– Robespierre, Danton, Marat
– Levee en Masse (August)
Death of Marat (July)
– Charlotte Corday
Robespierre’s Republic of Virtue and
the Reign of Terror under Jacobin rule
– De-Christianization
– New Calendar
Marie Antoinette executed (Oct.)
Demachy, Pierre-Antoine: Une
1794: Thermidorian Reaction (July)
Exécution capitale, place de la
Révolution, 1793
Conservative Phase, 1795-1799
• 1795: The Directory
– Corrupt
– Unstable
– Challenges from left and right
– Gives Napoleon command of
French Army
• Victories abroad – returns a
hero
• 1799: Brumaire Coup
Bouchot, The Brumaire Coup d’Etat, 1799, 1837, Versailles.
Age of Napoleon, 1799-1815
Policies
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1801: Concordat
1803: Louisiana Purchase
1804: Emperor Napoleon I
Napoleonic Code
Military Conquests & Defeats
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Haitian revolt and independence by 1804
Multinational coalitions against Napoleon
– The British and Horatio Nelson
• Trafalgar, 1805
– Continental System, 1806
– Peninsular War, 1808-1813
• Horrors of War, Goya
– Invasion of Russia, 1812
– Battle of Leipzig, 1813
– Elba and escape: the Hundred Days,
1815
– Waterloo
The Spanish Ulcer
The Continental System
Russian Invasion
Metternich Restores Stability
A. Congress of Vienna, 1814-15
1. The 5 “Great Powers” met to set up
policies to achieve a lasting peace in
post-Napoleonic Europe
2. Prince Klemens von Metternich of
Austria was the most influential & was
very distrustful of democratic ideals of
the French Rev.
King Frederick
William III of Prussia
Emperor Francis I of Austria
Wellesley, Duke of
Wellington, Britain
Talleyrand of France
Czar Alexander I of Russia
Prince Klemens von
Metternich of Austria
The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
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Restore a Balance of Power: no country
would be a threat to others
• Forced to give up territories
Napoleon took, but kept 1790
boundaries & overseas possessions,
army & gov
• Containment of France: prevent
future aggression by surrounding
France w/ strong countries
Legitimacy: Restore Europe’s families to
thrones that had been driven out by
Napoleon
• France: Louis XVIII ruled as a
Constitutional Monarch
• Spain, Italy, Germany: rulers
restored
3. Concert of Europe – Principle of
Intervention
Europe 1815