Transcript Caste System

Neolithic Age
Switched from nomad wanderers
Discovered Farming
Developed Civilizations
Ancient Greece
Many mountains = not united city states
Sparta: military
Athens: Democracy
Alexander the Great: spread Hellenstic culture
Rome
Pax Romana: Roman Peace
Built roads = trade
Twelve Tables of Rome: Written laws
India
Maurya Dynasty: Wrote laws, kind treatment of people
Gupta Dynasty: Golden Age, invention of zero
Caste System: social classes
China
Qin Dynasty: Legalism (humans are evil and harsh punishments needed)
Han Dynasty: Trade, Government jobs given to skilled people
Silk Road
Long trade route
Led to CULTURAL DIFFUSION: exchange of ideas
Hinduism
Reincarnation
Karma
Caste System
Buddhism
Reincarnation & Karma
Goal is Nirvana: stops the cycle of death and rebirth
Four Noble Truths: suffering is caused by selfish desires
Eightfold Path: Code of behavior which helps end suffering
Byzantine Empire
Constantinople: Capital location good for trade
Justinian Code: written system of laws
Preserved Greek & Roman Culture
Was a major influence on Russia
Middle Ages
Feudalism: kings gave away land to nobles in return for military service
Manorialism: self sufficient land owned by nobles, decrease in trade
Early Japanese History
Long and irregular coastlines with mountains
Terrace Farming: Dug flat areas into sides of mountains for farming
Africa
Bantu Migrations: one of the largest migrations due to land shortage.
Diverse geographic features (deserts, grasslands, rainforests) & diverse
cultures
West African Civilizations
Ghana, Mali, Songhai
Mansa Musa: Famous ruler of Mali who spread Islam
Located near Trans-Saharan trade routes & part of Gold-Salt trade
Mongols
Migrated frequently
Genghis Khan: killed military leader who created the LARGEST EMPIRE
Marco Polo: Italian trade who visited China and wrote his experiences
Trade between Asia & Europe increased
Mongols conquered Russia and kept them isolated & had a centralized government with one ruler
Created tribute system: conquered people had to pay money to Mongols
Black Death
Bubonic Plague
Disease spread through trade routes
Trade decreased
Feudalism decreased: looked for better opportunities
Renaissance
Started in Italy: Golden Age
Humanism: focus on humans and life on earth
Niccolo Machiavelli: Wrote The Prince – guide for government leaders
on how to gain power
Protestant Reformation
Challenged the Catholic Church and led to division of Christianity
Martin Luther: Wrote 95 Thesis or arguments against indulgences
John Calvin: Idea that God knows who will be saved or punished
Henry VIII: separated from Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce
Age of Exploration
Navigation technology improved
Encomienda System: Native Americans forced to work for Spanish farms
Middle Passage: Voyage from Africa to Americas
Mercantilism: colonies exist to make Mother country wealthy
Triangular Trade: Europeans traveled to Africa to get slaves
Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods between Europe & the Americas
Age of Absolutism
Nations ruled by monarchs
Divine right & centralized political control
Monarchs
*Peter the Great
Russia
*Louis XIV
France
Philip II
Henry VIII
*Suleiman the Magnificent
Spain
England
Ottoman Empire
*Expanded their territory
Scientific Revolution
Logic & Reason – no longer relied just on the Bible
Challenged the Catholic Church
Enlightenment
Reason, Thought & Power of the Individual
Democracy
Spread of new ideas
John Locke: natural rights
Montesquieu: separation of powers
Voltaire: freedom of speech and religion
Effects: caused political revolutions
English/Glorious Revolution
People of England successfully limited the power of the monarchy (king)
Absolute Monarchy  Limited Monarchy
Laws that limited king’s power:
Magna Carta, Petition of Right, Bill of Rights, Habeas Corpus
French Revolution
Overthrow of their king Louis XVI and fought for more rights
Third Estate: angry for having few rights
Inspired by Enlightenment
Declaration of the Rights of Man: document giving equal rights to people
Reign of Terror: Executed those who were loyal to the king
Napoleon: Ruler at the end of the revolution, defeated when trying to invade Russia during winter
Latin American Revolution
Fought to gain independence
Governments controlled by Peninsulares (people born in Spain & Portugal)
Inspired by Enlightenment
Leaders who helped gain independence:
Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Toussaint L’Ouverture
Industrial Revolution
Factories, Working Conditions, Living Conditions
Started in Great Britain: had natural resources and geography
Effects: Urbanization (growth of cities), formation of labor unions, minimum wage
Laissez Faire: Government is “hands off”, businesses owned by individuals
Karl Marx: Believed Laissez Faire was bad because factory owners could take advantage of workers
Marx ideas became the foundation of Communism
Imperialism
Definition: When a strong country takes over a weaker one
Causes/Reasons:
Countries wanted natural resources
Wanted to teach their religion and customs
Social Darwinism: It was natural for strong countries to take over
Effects of Imperialism
Africa: Ruled by European Countries
China: Ruled by Britain and fought back with Opium war & Boxer Rebellion to gain
independence
India: Ruled by Britain fought back with Sepoy Mutiny to gain independence
World War 1
Causes:
M ilitarism: built up armies
A lliances divided into 2 groups
I mperialism competition for
lands in Africa & Asia
N ationalism
Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that ended that war
and punished Germany causing WWII
Effects:
Countries were broken apart and formed new
countries
Women gained right to vote (suffrage) because
they helped out in the war
Russian Revolution
Overthrow of Czar (king)
Causes: Czar Nicholas II abused his power by denying rights of people
& suffered casualties and food shortage from WW1
Bolskeviks: Radial (extreme) group who led by Lenin, promising “Peace, Land and Bread”
and eventual came to power
Became a communist country