Transcript File - Block Social Studies

Chapter 16
Europe's World
Supremacy,
1871-1914
• The “Third World”
• Social scientists new classification
• Develop World
• Less Developed World
• Third or Developing World
• The Third World
• Africa
• South and Southeast Asia
• South America
• Caribbean
• Imperialism
• Defined as the government of one people controlled another
• Subordinated people
• Forcible introduced to European economy and culture system
• Exploitation of resources
• Introduction of European religion, science, capital, and culture
• Assimilated ideals of liberty, equality, democracy, and anticapitalism
Imperialism – Its Nature and
Causes
The New Imperialism
• New Imperialism versus Old Colonialism
• Old Colonialism
• Maritime and mercantile
• Based on buying goods, not conquest
• New Imperialism
• Colonial investments
• Built mines, railroads,
steamships etc.
• Investment into non-European ruler
• Shah of Persia
• Khedive of Egypt
The New Imperialism
• Political and Territorial Domination
• Colonies
• Outright domination, directly governed
• Protectorate
• Native rulers maintain order, European commissioners
• Spheres of Influence
• European privileges and investments
• European influence undermined local ruler
• Most non-European empires in decay
• Growing European intervention
The New Imperialism
• European Impose Their Will
• Industrialization made European rule easy – 70,000 troops to rule India
• Only small local wars
• Afghan War, Zulu War, Burmese War
• 1898 – Spanish-American War
• 1899 – Boer War
• Unequal opponents
• Gunboat diplomacy
• 1882 – Alexandria
• 1896 – Zanzibar
Incentives and Motives
• Raw Materials
• Europe – growing need for material
goods
• Working class used tea and coffee
• After the American Civil War
• Growing demand for Egyptian
cotton , Rubber, and Petroleum
• Jute – burlap, twine, carpets,
jute bags
• Coconut Tree – bags, brushes,
cables, rope, doormats, sails
• Coconut Oil – candles, soap etc.
Incentives and Motives
• Neomercantilism
• Need for new markets
• Industrial countries sell their
products
• Need for all countries to
establish colonies
• Outside of competition
• Guaranteed market
• Guaranteed wealth and
profit for the mother
country
Incentives and Motives
• The Profit Motive
• Investments into “backwards” countries
• Higher profit margins then in Industrialized countries
• 1900 – most investments in undeveloped countries
• Investors – preferred civilized control in areas of investment
• Imperialism – surplus capital and profit
Incentives and Motives
• Socialist Critics
• J.A. Hobson – wrote influential book on
imperialism, 1903
• If money would go to higher wages and
social welfare
• No surplus capital
• No imperialism
• Lenin – Imperialism, the Highest Stage of
World Capitalism, 1916
• Investors – the true force behind
imperialism
Incentives and Motives
• Foreign Economic Interests in Russia
• French investments
• Egypt, Suez, South Africa, Asia, and French colonies
• 1914 – French investments in Russia totaled $2 billion
• French encouraged investment in Russian bonds
• Financed railroads and heavy industry
• German investments
• Most capital invested in Africa, Asia, and the Ottoman Empire
• Berlin – Bagdad Railway
Incentives and Motives
• Joseph Chamberlain, 1836-1914
• Birmingham manufacturer and mayor
• Colonial Secretary, 1895-1903
• Great Britain – need for self-sufficient,
self-protecting empire
• Stablish worldwide trade area
• Dominions
• Britain should use protective tariffs
to favor the dominions
• Should lower their import tariffs
Incentives and Motives
• Working Classes and Imperialism
• Working classes gained higher wages due to Imperialism
• Subsidized by low-cost colonial goods
• Developments gave workers vested interest in Imperialism
• Other arguments
• European countries need colonies for surplus population
• After 1870 – no European countries acquired colonies for surplus
population
• Migration target – United States and Canada
Incentives and Motives
• Diplomacy and Imperialism
• European balance of power – practiced also amongst the colonies
• Scramble for Africa
• Hurried annexation of territory
• Showed national greatness
• Symbolism and prestige
Imperialism as Crusade
• Trade Missions
• British – White Man’s Burden
• French – Mission Civilisatrice
• Germans – diffusing Kultur
• Cultural justification
• Civilized Europeans bring culture to backwards people
• Psychology of Imperialism
• Contained idealism and humanitarianism, as well as greed
• Rudyard Kipling, 1899 – The White Man’s Burden
The Dissolution of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire in the 1850s
• Only non-European empire directly involved in modern
European history
• Dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean
• Diverse and complex empire
• Muslims
• Sizable Jewish population
• Christian population
• Religious officials responsible for own religious group
• Reported to the Ottoman government
The Ottoman Empire in the 1850s
• The Capitulation
• Turkey not allowed to levy taxes over 8%
• Cases of civil and criminal law
• Based on European law
• Held by European councils
• Cases between Turks and Europeans
• Settled by Turkish courts
• European observers
• No ideas of European nationalism
The Ottoman Empire in the 1850s
• The “Sick Man of Europe”
• Declining power – the “Eastern Question”
• 1699 – loss of Hungary – long process of territorial disintegration
• 1850 – Empire lost territory on its edges
• Russia controlled Crimea
• Greece independent
• Serbia autonomous
• Romania was self-governing
• Arabian dynasty – the Sauds
The Ottoman Empire in the 1850s
• The Crimean War
• Turkey on the winning side
• Help from western powers
• Exposed military and political weakness
• Need for reform on western lines
• Not for merely defense against Russia
• Avoid being saved by western powers
Attempts of Reform and Revival,
1856-1876
• 1856 – Ottomans issue Hatt-i-Humayun
• Created national citizenship
• Opened army to Christians and Muslims
• No segregated unites
• Reform of prison, abdicated torture, and
reformed taxes
• Reforms based on foreign loans
• 1874 – repudiated half of its debt
Attempts of Reform and Revival,
1856-1876
• Abdul Hamid II.
• New reform minster Midhat Pasha
• 1876 – Deposed Abdula Aziz
• Abdul Hamid II. set up as reform sultan
• 1876 – new constitution
• Declared Ottoman Empire indivisible
• Freedom of education and the press
• Parliamentary government
• 1877 – took power, ended reforms and deposed Midhat
• Ruled for 32 years
Repression after 1876
• Abdul Hamid’s Fears
• Feared that constitutional government
would end the old Ottoman way
• Thousands of reformers lived in exile
• Young Turks
• Revolts of non-Turkish population
• 1876 – Bulgarian, or Batak
massacre
• 1894-1896 – Armenian, or
Hamidian massacres
The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 – The Congress of Berlin
• Pan-Slavism
• Russia – dreamed of power on the Bosporus
• Tsarigrad
• Liberate Orthodoxy from infidels
• Publicist Danilevsky – Russia and Europe, 1871
• Predicted long war with Europe
• Establish grad federation of the East
• Include Slavs, Greeks, Hungarians, and part of the Ottoman
Empire
• Growing insurrection on the Balkans in themed-1870’s
The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 – The Congress of Berlin
• The Treaty of San Stefano
• 1877 – Russia declared war
• English prepared to intervene
• Fear of Russian interference with the Suez Canal
• Finished in 1869
• Ottoman began to collapse
• Russians advanced quickly on the Balkans
• 1878 – Turkey signed Treaty of San Stefano
The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 – The Congress of Berlin
• The Weakness of Ottoman Empire
• Bismarck assembled Congress of Berlin, 1878
• Averted extension of Russian influence
• Tried to establish Concert of Europe
• Russia gave up Treaty of San Stefano
• Russian retained territory in the Caucasus
• Confirmed independence of Serbia Romania, and Montenegro
• Austria-Hungary – administration of Bosnia
• Britain gained Cyprus
The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 – The Congress of Berlin
• The Continuing Turkish Problem
• Congress of Berlin ended immediate threat of war
• Reduced territory of Ottoman Empire
• Weakness constant threat
• Growing threat of Balkan nationalist
• Young Turks and Serbian nationalists
• Growing influence of Germany
• By 1914 – large investments in Turkey
The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1699-1914
Egypt and North Africa
• Egypt – technical independent by the late
1850s
• Tried to reform
• Modernized court system,
administration, and property law
• Cooperated with France to built Suez
canal
• 1861-1865 – cotton export grew from
60 to 250 million pounds
• New opera house – Verdi’s Aida, 1871
Egypt and North Africa
• British Intervention
• Growing financial problems
• Temporary solution – sale of Suez canal shares to Britain
• 1879 – financial trouble led to abdication of Ismail and Tefik
• Growing nationalist movement – Colonel Arabi
• 1882 – British landed in Alexandria and Suez
• Defeated Arabi
• Intervention considered temporary
• Troops stayed until 1956
Egypt and North Africa
• Egypt as Protectorate
• 1882 – Egypt became protectorate
• Britain protected Khedive from Ottoman Empire and rival
European powers
• France protested British intervention
• Tried to establish North African empire
• Expanded control over Algeria and Tunisia
• French – British rivalry created fear of a new war
Egypt and North Africa
• Young Turks
• 1908 – took control of the Turkish government
• Restoration of 1876 Constitution
• By 1914 - renewed declaration of war
against Russia
• Sided with Germany
• During the war
• Arabs detached themselves from
the empire
• 1923 – Turkish republic under Ataturk
The Decline of the
Ottoman Empire,
1683-1914
The Partition of Africa
• The “Dark Continent”
• Little European knowledge beyond Saharan desert and Sub-Saharan
coastlines
• Gold coast, Ivory coast, Slave coast
• Diverse cultures throughout the continent
• Worked with iron for 2000 years
• Arts and crafts
• Diverse religions
• Great civilization
• European assault on Africa – the slave trade
• 1652 – Cape colony
Precolonial Africa –
Sites and People
The Opening of Africa
• Livingstone and Stanley
• Missionaries and Explorers
• 1841 – David Livingston
• Religious and humanitarian work
• 1871 – H.M. Stanley - American journalist
• Found Livingston
• 1878 – International Congo Association
• Stanley and King Leopold II.
• 1882 – Stanley returned to the Congo
• Made treaties with 500 chieftains
The Opening of Africa
• Other explorer
• Karl Peters – Germany
• Established treaties with chieftains
in East Africa
• Explored Zanzibar
• Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza – France
• Explored and claimed large
territory North of the Congo river
• Portugal expanded colonies of Angola
and Mozambique
The Opening of Africa
• The Berlin Conference of 1885
• Conference goals
• Boundaries for territory of Congo Association
• Draft code for governance of African territory
• 1885 – Congo Free State
• Administration to King Leopold II.
• Forerunner of international mandate
• 1889 – Brussels Conference
• Further steps to end slave trade
• Established protection for local population
The Opening of Africa
• The Belgian Congo
• Congo – became largest supplier of rubber
• King Leopold and his agents
• Extorted large forced labor
• Rubber quotas
• Virtual enslavement of Congolese people
• 1901 – governmental right of Belgium to annex Congo
• 1904 – reporting's on abuse
• 1908 - annexation of Congo by Belgium
The Opening of Africa
• “Indirect Rule”
• 1900 – all of Africa occupied by European countries
• Colonial governments acted through chieftains
• Expanded social and political hierarchy
• Chieftains important for local services
• Porter service, work gangs, security for Europeans
The Opening of Africa
• The Labor Problem
• Colonial government established system of labor
• Local chieftains supply labor force
• Road construction
• Railroads
• Locals took jobs in private enterprises
• Mining
• Plantation agriculture
• Destroyed local system of society and culture
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• The Colonial Race in Africa, 1885-1900
• Portuguese – Angola and Mozambique
• Italy – Eritrea and Italian Somaliland
• Attempted to conquer Ethiopia
• Battle of Adowa, 1896
• Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Congo Free State
• Able to expand due to fear of major powers
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• Germany – Cameroon, Togo, German East Africa, German Southwest
Africa
• Herero Uprising, 1904
• French – large colonial empire in West Africa
• Algeria to Ivory coast
• Guinea coast to Sudan
• Dream of solid belt across North Africa
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• Britain – dream of a North-South belt from Cape of Good Hope to
Cairo
• Cecil Rhodes
• Rhodesia
• Uganda, Kenya, and Egypt
• 1885 – General Gordon invaded Sudan
• Defeat at Khartoum
• 1898 – Battle of Omdurman
• General Kitchener defeated Muslim army
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• The Fashoda Crisis, 1898
• British encounter French attachment at Fashoda
• Captain Marchand
• British and French add odds over Morocco and Egypt
• British ready to fight
• French fearful of Germany
• Back down and recall Marchand
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• The South African War
• Cape colony and Cecil Rhodes
• 2 independent republics
• Transvaal and the Orange Free State
• Diamonds and gold
• Growing conflict between the Afrikaners and British
• Jameson Raid, 1895
• 1895 – Kruger telegram
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• Boer War, 1899-1902
• British went to war with the two republics
• Growing opposition in England over human and financial cost
• 300,000 troops
• Guerilla warfare
• 120,000 women and children sent to concentration camps
• 1902 – Surrender of the Boer
• 1910 – formation of the Union of South Africa
• Transvaal, Orange Free State , Natal and Cape colony
Africa, 1914
Friction and Rivalry Between the
Powers
• Embittered International Relations
• All European powers pro-Boer
• Only U.S. sympathetic
• International rivalry over African spoils
• Prepared the way for World War I
• After Boer war – little territorial changes in Africa
• 1911 – Italy took Libya
• 1914 – Germany blocked from colonies
• By wars end, colonies became mandates
Imperialism in Asia –
the Dutch, the British, and
the Russians
The Dutch East Indies and British
India
• Export Surplus
• India and Dutch East Indies – export surplus
• Hallmark of profitable colonies
• Low purchasing power of native popluation
• Both had various resources
• Natives adopted into bureaucratic institutions and economy
• Diverse religious culture
• Easy to govern
The Dutch East Indies and British
India
• European Colonial Rule
• Benevolent despotism in colonial government
• Curbed warfare, plague, and famine
• Steady growth of population
• Java
• 1815 – 5 million
• 1942 – 48 million
• India
• 1815 – 200 million
• 1942 – 400 million
The Dutch East Indies and British
India
• The “Culture System”
• Dutch expanded colonial empire over 3,00 miles
• Authorities required farmers to deliver “Tax”
• Established amount of coffee or sugar
• Dutch favored instructions in Malay or Javanese, not Dutch
• Preserved native cultures
• Ideas of nationalism spread slower
The Dutch East Indies and British
India
• The Indian Mutiny, 1857
• British army and the sepoy
• Used to stabilize India
• Growing native unrest
• British outlawed suttee
• British threatened to abolish cast system
• Sepoy’s started uprising in the Ganges valley
• Support from Great Mogul
• British able to suppress uprising
• Western and southern provinces didn’t participate
The Dutch East Indies and British
India
• British Rule in India
• Understood the need to rule through Indian’s
• Supported Indian vested interest
• Retained remaining state structure
• Kept rajahs or maharajahs
• Queen Victoria – Empress of India, 1877
• British supplied manufactured goods – India produced raw materials
• British favored instructions in English
• Growing number of Indians brought into civil service and
Governors council
The Dutch East Indies and British
India
• Indian Nationalism
• “Hybrid” intellectual and government workers
• Call for larger influence in government
• 1895 – India National Congress
• Predominantly Hindu
• 1906 – All-India Muslim League
• Growth of Nationalism
• Grew more anti-British, anti-Indian princes, anti-Capitalist
Imperialism in Asia, 1840-1914
Conflict of Russian and British
Interests
• Foreign Interest in Persia
• British
• 1864 – built first Persian telegraph
• 1900 – investment in Persian oil
• 1890 – British loan to help Persian government against Russia
• 1900 – Russian loan to help Persian government against Great Britain
• Growing Persian nationalism
• 1905 – nationalist revolution against Shah and foreign influence
Conflict of Russian and British
Interests
• Spheres of Influence
• Establishment of new spheres
• 1907 – Great Britain recognized Russian sphere of influence in
Northern Persia
• 1907 – Russia recognized British sphere of influence in the South
“The British Lake,” 1918
Imperialism in Asia – China
and the Europeans
China Before European
Intervention
• The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864
• Based on Christian believes
• Attacked Manchu rulers as corrupt foreign rulers
• Grievance – pervasive social problems
• Goals – new dynasty
• Country fell into complete disorder
• Resulted in the death of 20 million people
• Qing dynasty supported by European powers
• Need for Chinese government to make treaties
The Expansion of European
Influence in China
• Opening of China
• The First Opium War, 1839-1841
• Chinese tried to disrupt import of opium
• The Second Opium War, 1857
• Great Britain and France joint forces
• 17,000 troops entered Beijing
• Burned Emperors summer palace
The Expansion of European
Influence in China
• The Treaty System
• 1842 – Treaty of Nanking
• Interlocking agreements on trait
• Great Britain gained Hong Kong
• 1857 – Treaty of Tientsin
• Opened a dozen more cities
• Shanghai, and Canton
• Free import of opium
• No import duty over 5%
• Europeans helped collect custom duties
Annexations and Concessions
• Japanese Imperialism
• 1894 – Sino-Japanese War
• Quick and decisive Japanese victory
• 1895 – Treaty of Shimonoseki
• China ceded Formosa and Liaotung peninsular
• Recognized Korean independence
• Japan set sides on Manchuria
Annexations and Concessions
• “Lord of the East”
• 1891 – Russian started Trans-Siberian Railroad
• Vladivostok exit terminal
• Russia could not allow other dominant power in Manchuria
• Russia, France, and Germany demanded return of Liaotung to
China
• Chinese began program of reforms
• Loans from Europe
• Customs as security
Annexations and Concessions
• The Open Door
• 1899 – scramble for new concessions
• Russia – Liaotung peninsular and
Port Arthur
• Germany – Shangtung peninsular
• France – Kwangchow
• Great Britain – Wei-hai-wei
• United States announced Open Door
policy
• China remained territorial intact
• Maintained 5% Chinese tariff
Northeast China and
Adjoining Regions in
the Era of Imperialism
Annexations and Concessions
• The Boxer Uprising, 1899-1901
• Order of Literary Patriotic Harmonious Fists
• Attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians
• Defeated by European powers, Japan and United States
• International force
• 1901 – China and 11 nations signed the Boxer Protocol
• Chinese had to pay $330 million
• Growth of new revolutionary movement
• Sun Yat-sen, 1866-1925
Resistance to Imperialism
The Russo-Japanese War
and Its Consequences
• Russo-Japanese Rivalry
• Russia in need for expansion to end internal crisis
• Needed Manchuria and Korea to strengthen Vladivostok
• Obtained concession to built Chinese Eastern Railway
• Special zone for mining and timber rights
• Japan in need for raw material and new markets
• 1902 – Anglo-Japanese alliance
• Lasted 20 years
• Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
• 1904 – war broke out
• Japan attacked Port Arthur
• Land fighting in Manchuria
• Battle of Mukden – 624,000 men
• Observed by all major European powers
• 1905 – Battle of Tsushima
• 2nd Baltic Squadron
• Russia defeated
• Unfinished Trans-Siberian Railway
• The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
• Negotiated by Theodore Roosevelt
• Japan recovered Liaotung Peninsular
• Preferred position in Manchuria
• Protectorate of Korea
• 1910 – annexed by Japan
• Southern part of Sakhalin island
• Consequences of Japanese Victory
• First war between modern powers
• Repercussions
• Russian focus returned to Europe
• Growing involvement in the Balkans
• Tsarist government severely weekend
• Revolution of 1905
• Prelude to Revolution of 1917
• “Backward” people defeated European power
• Japan became Great Power
• Asian Self-assertion and Nationalism
• Starting point for 3 major developments
• Word War I
• Russian Revolution of 1917
• Revolt of Asia against European Imperialism
• Sun Yat-sen
• Ho Chi Minh
• Gradual end to European World Supremacy