Transcript B. - SweetWaterHistory

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Futile Search for
Stability
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial
Regimes
Section 3: Hitler and Nazi
Germany
Section 4: Cultural and
Intellectual Trends
Visual Summary
How can politics be
reflected in sports?
Nazi leader Adolf Hitler wanted to use
the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin to
show the superiority of the Aryan
(German) race. However, AfricanAmerican athlete Jesse Owens of the
United States shattered that plan by
winning four gold medals. In this chapter
you will learn how Hitler and other
leaders created totalitarian states.
• In the photograph, why is Jesse
Owens (at center) saluting and why is
Lutz Long (at right) extending his arm?
• Do you think national pride and
politics or individual accomplishments
are more important to Olympic
athletes today?
The Futile Search for
Stability
What were the causes of
instability in the West after
World War I?
The Rise of Dictatorial
Regimes
Why did certain European
countries become
dictatorial regimes?
Hitler and Nazi
Germany
How did Hitler and the
Nazis gain power and rule
Germany?
Cultural and
Intellectual Trends
What were the main
cultural and intellectual
trends between the wars?
The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries Peace and prosperity
were short-lived after World War I as a global
depression weakened Western democracies.
Content Vocabulary
• depression
• collective bargaining
• deficit spending
Academic Vocabulary
• annual
• ratio
People, Places, and Events
• Ruhr Valley
• Dawes Plan
• Treaty of Locarno
• Switzerland
• Weimar Republic
• John Maynard Keynes
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt
• New Deal
Do you know anyone who lived
during the Great Depression?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security
Discontent with the Treaty of Versailles
and a weak League of Nations opened
the door to new problems in the
interwar years.
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)
• The United States Senate refused to ratify
the Treaty of Versailles, making it impossible
for the United States to join the League of
Nations.
• The German government made one
payment of reparations to France, but the
following year it announced it could not
make any more payments due to
financial crisis.
Europe, 1923
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)
• In reaction, France seized the Ruhr Valley
to collect reparations by using Ruhr mines
and factories.
• The Dawes Plan was implemented to help
both France and Germany:
– reduced reparations
Europe, 1923
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)
– coordinated Germany’s payments with
their ability to pay
– granted a $200 million loan for German
recovery
Europe, 1923
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)
• The foreign ministers of Germany and
France signed the Treaty of Locarno,
guaranteeing Germany’s new borders with
France and Belgium.
• Two years later, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was
signed by 63 nations agreeing to renounce
war as an instrument of national policy.
Why did Germany quit paying reparations
to France?
A. Inflation caused financial
crisis in Germany.
B. France seized the mines
in Ruhr Valley.
C. The Treaty of Versailles
was amended.
D. There were border disputes
with France.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
The Great Depression
Underlying economic problems and an
American stock market crisis triggered
the Great Depression.
The Great Depression (cont.)
• A depression ended the short period of
prosperity that began in 1924.
• Causes of the Great Depression:
– Several nations experienced economic
downturns as prices for farm products fell
due to overproduction.
Unemployment, 1928–1938
The Great Depression (cont.)
– An international financial crisis occurred
when the U.S. stock market crashed and
U.S. investors withdrew money from
Germany.
Unemployment, 1928–1938
The Great Depression (cont.)
• Germany and other European nations’ banks
became weak. Trade slowed, industrial
production declined, and unemployment rose.
• Governments did not know how to handle
the economic crisis. They made it worse by
lowering wages and raising tariffs.
• Communism and Marxism became more
popular, and people began to support
dictators who offered solutions to the crises.
From which political system did
people start to turn away during the
Great Depression?
A. Marxism
B. Communism
C. Dictatorship
D. Democracy
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Democratic States
Although new democracies were
established in Europe after World War I,
the Depression shook people’s
confidence in political democracy.
Democratic States (cont.)
• Most European nations had political
democracies after World War I and granted
more freedoms such as female suffrage. In
Switzerland, however, women did not get
the right to vote until 1971.
• Germany
– Germany created a democratic state
known as the Weimar Republic.
– The Weimer Republic faced severe
inflation and serious social problems.
Democratic States (cont.)
• France
– France became the strongest European
nation after World War I but eventually felt
the effects of the Great Depression.
– Political instability led to the rise of a
coalition of Leftist parties called the
Popular Front government.
Democratic States (cont.)
– The Popular Front started the French New
Deal, which gave workers the right to
collective bargaining, a 40-hour
workweek, a two-week paid vacation, and
a minimum wage.
Democratic States (cont.)
• Great Britain
– A new government formed by the
Conservatives claimed credit for
successfully dealing with the Great
Depression by using the traditional policies
of balanced budgets and protective tariffs.
Democratic States (cont.)
– British economist John Maynard Keynes
condemned the belief that depressions
should regulate themselves with little
government interference.
– Keynes felt that, if necessary, government
should finance projects with deficit
spending.
Democratic States (cont.)
• United States
– Next to Germany, the United States was
affected most by the Great Depression.
– The United States elected Franklin
Delano Roosevelt as president. He
pursued a policy of active government
intervention in the economy known as the
New Deal.
Democratic States (cont.)
– A New Deal program, the Works Progress
Administration, employed around 3 million
people for work on bridges, roads, and
airports.
– The Roosevelt administration also created
the U.S. welfare system and drafted the
Social Security Act.
Which economic policy suggested that
government should finance projects by
going into debt?
A. The New Deal
B. Social Security
C. Deficit spending
D. Collective bargaining
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Human Rights By 1939, many European countries
had adopted dictatorial regimes that aimed to control
every aspect of their citizens’ lives for state goals.
Content Vocabulary
• totalitarian state
• fascism
• collectivization
Academic Vocabulary
• unprecedented
• media
People, Places, and Events
• Russia
• Benito Mussolini
• New Economic Policy
• Politburo
• Joseph Stalin
• Five-Year Plans
• Francisco Franco
• Madrid
Are the everyday lives of Americans
affected when a new president is elected?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Rise of Dictators
The totalitarian states did away with
individual freedoms.
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Many European nations became totalitarian
states in which governments controlled the
political, economic, social, intellectual, and
cultural lives of its citizens.
• These new powerful regimes used
propaganda to conquer the minds of their
subjects and limited individual freedoms.
Politics in Europe, 1930s
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• In Italy, Socialists spoke of revolution in
response to severe economic problems. The
middle class feared a Communist takeover
similar to the one that occurred in Russia.
• Benito Mussolini created the first European
fascist movement in Italy.
Politics in Europe, 1930s
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Mussolini’s policy of fascism glorified the
state above the individual by focusing on a
strong central state led by a dictatorial ruler.
• In 1922 Mussolini became prime minister of
Italy. He outlawed all political parties and
established a secret police that could arrest
anyone for political or nonpolitical crimes.
Politics in Europe, 1930s
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Mussolini established total control over his
people and exercised control over all media
outlets.
• He wanted to create a nation of orderly and
war-ready people, but in reality most
Fascists maintained traditional social
attitudes.
Politics in Europe, 1930s
Which of the following did not occur
during the fascist movement in Italy?
A. Youth groups were formed
for military training.
D. Political parties were outlawed.
0%
D
C
A
C. The media was used to
spread propaganda.
A. A
B. B
0%
0%
0%
C. C
D. D
B
B. The Vatican City lost
its sovereignty.
A New Era in the USSR
In the Soviet Union, Stalin maintained
total power by murdering his political
opponents.
A New Era in the USSR (cont.)
• Lenin adopted a new policy called the New
Economic Policy (NEP).
– Peasants were allowed to sell their
produce openly.
– Retail stores and small industries that
employed less than 20 workers could be
privately owned and operated.
A New Era in the USSR (cont.)
• The NEP brought agricultural production
back up and revived the market.
• In 1922 Lenin and the Communists created
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR).
• After Lenin’s death in 1924, the Politburo
became divided over the future direction of
the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union by 1939
A New Era in the USSR (cont.)
• Joseph Stalin used his position as general
secretary to gain control of the Communist
Party by giving political positions in
exchange for support.
• By 1929 Stalin had created a powerful
dictatorship and launched the Five-Year
Plans to rapidly transform Russia from an
agricultural society into an industrial country.
A New Era in the USSR (cont.)
• The government implemented the
collectivization of agriculture. Peasants
resisted by hoarding crops and killing
livestock, which led to widespread famine.
• Stalin established complete control over the
Communist Party by sending his opposition
to work in forced labor camps in Siberia. Old
Bolsheviks of the 1917 revolution were put
on trial and condemned to death.
Which policy allowed peasant farmers
to sell their products openly?
A. New Economic Policy
B. Five-Year Plans
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. Politburo
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Collectivization of
agriculture
Authoritarian States in the West
Authoritarian governments in the West
worked to preserve the existing social
order.
Authoritarian States in the West (cont.)
• Many eastern European nations adopted
parliamentary systems after World War I,
but were soon replaced with authoritarian
regimes.
• The landowners, churches, and some
members of the middle class did not want
land reforms to take place. They feared
ethnic and peasant unrest could lead to
communism.
Authoritarian States in the West (cont.)
• These groups wanted an authoritarian leader
to uphold traditional social order.
• Only Czechoslovakia was able to maintain
its political democracy.
• In Spain, Francisco Franco led a military
revolt against the democratic government,
resulting in a brutal civil war.
Authoritarian States in the West (cont.)
• The Spanish Civil War ended when Franco’s
forces captured Madrid in 1939.
• Franco established an authoritarian
dictatorship, rather than a totalitarian
regime, that favored traditional groups of
large landowners, businesspeople, and
Catholic clergy.
Which eastern European country was
able to maintain its political
democracy?
A. Poland
B. Austria
C. Romania
D. Czechoslovakia
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Human Rights Hitler’s totalitarian state was widely
accepted, but German Jews and minorities were
persecuted.
Content Vocabulary
• Nazi
• concentration camps
• Aryan
Academic Vocabulary
• require
• prohibit
People, Places, and Events
• Adolf Hitler
• Munich
• Reichstag
• Enabling Act
• Heinrich Himmler
• Nuremberg
• Nuremberg laws
• Kristallnacht
Is the good of the state more
important than the good of the
individual?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Hitler and His Views
Adolf Hitler’s ideas were based on
racism and German nationalism.
Hitler and His Views (cont.)
• Adolf Hitler entered politics by joining the
German Workers’ Party in Munich.
• Hitler took over the party, which was
renamed the National Socialist German
Workers’ Party or Nazi for short.
Hitler and His Views (cont.)
• After an unsuccessful revolt against the
government, Hitler was imprisoned and
wrote Mein Kampf, which endorsed German
nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, and
anticommunism.
• Hitler expanded the Nazi Party, and it soon
became the largest party in the Reichstag.
Hitler and His Views (cont.)
• Hitler won support of the right-wing elites of
Germany who, in 1933, pressured the
president to allow Hitler to become
chancellor and create a new government.
• The Enabling Act was passed, allowing the
government to ignore the constitution for four
years while it issued laws to deal with the
country’s problems.
Hitler and His Views (cont.)
• With Hitler acting as dictator, the Nazi Party
quickly brought all institutions under their
control, purged the Jews from civil service
jobs, and set up concentration camps.
• When the president died in 1934, Hitler
became the sole ruler of Germany.
What law allowed Hitler to ignore the
German constitution for four years and
create new laws to deal with the country’s
problems?
A. Reconstruction Act
0%
D
D. Enabling Act
A
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. Mein Kampf
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Reichstag Policy
The Nazi State, 1933–1939
Hitler used anti-Semitism, economic
policy, and propaganda to build a
Nazi state.
The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)
• Hitler dreamed of creating a purely Aryan
state that would dominate the world.
• To achieve his goal of a Third Reich, Hitler
and the Nazis used economic policies, mass
demonstrations, organizations, and terror.
• Heinrich Himmler directed the
Schutzstaffeln, commonly called SS, using
terror and Nazi ideology to promote the
Aryan master race.
The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)
• Hitler created public works projects to help
with the high unemployment rates and end
the Depression.
• The Nazis used mass demonstrations and
meetings, such as the Nuremberg party
rallies, to gain support and evoke excitement
from the German people.
The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)
• Under Hitler’s regime, women were seen as
wives and mothers who would bear the
children destined to see the success of the
Aryan race.
• Women were only allowed to work in genderspecific jobs such as nursing and social work,
but were highly encouraged to stay at home.
• The Nazi Party began expanding their antiSemitism policies to anti-Jewish boycotts and
new racial laws such as the Nuremberg laws.
The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)
• The Nuremberg Laws:
– defined anyone with one Jewish
grandparent as a Jew
– excluded Jews from German citizenship
– stripped Jews of their civil rights
– forbade marriages between German
citizens and Jews
The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)
– forbade Jews from teaching in schools and
participating in the arts
– required Jews to wear yellow Stars of
David and carry identification cards
The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)
• On November 9, 1938, a more violent phase
began with Kristallnacht. Nazis burned
synagogues and Jewish businesses and
sent 30,000 Jews to concentration camps.
• After Kristallnacht, Jews were barred from all
public transportation and public buildings,
and were prohibited from owning or working
in any retail store.
• The SS encouraged Jews to “emigrate from
Germany.”
What was the name of Hitler’s goal to
create an empire of Nazi Germany?
A. The Hitler Aryan Empire
B. The Third Reich
C. The Schutzstaffeln
D. The Kristallnacht
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values The destruction of World
War I and the turmoil of the Great Depression
profoundly affected the work of artists and intellectuals.
Content Vocabulary
• photomontage
• surrealism
• uncertainty principle
Academic Vocabulary
• assembly
• trend
People and Places
• Salvador Dalí
• James Joyce
• Dublin
• Hermann Hesse
Do you think movies and media
outlets can influence public opinion?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Mass Culture and Leisure
Hitler used radio and movies as
propaganda tools to promote Nazism.
Mass Culture and Leisure (cont.)
• The Nazi regime encouraged people to listen
to the radio because it offered an opportunity
to reach the masses.
• Hitler discovered his speeches were just as
influential over the radio as they were in
person.
Mass Culture and Leisure (cont.)
• Films were also used to reach large groups
of people. Films were specially created by
the Propaganda Ministry to spread the Nazi
message.
• The Nazi regime used leisure time as
another way to control the people by offering
concerts, operas, films, guided tours, and
sporting events.
Which of the following new inventions did
Hitler encourage manufacturers to produce
cheaply to aid in spreading the Nazi
message?
A. Radios
0%
D
D. Phonographs
A
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. Televisions
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
B. Telephones
Arts and Science
The art, literature, and scientific
breakthroughs produced after World
War I both embraced the past and
reflected uncertainty for the future.
Arts and Science (cont.)
• Many artists continued to follow the styles
and trends of post-World War I, although
new styles did emerge such as the Dada
movement and surrealism.
• Dada artist Hannah Hoch used
photomontage to show women’s roles in
the new mass culture.
Arts and Science (cont.)
• Salvador Dalí, a well known surrealist, used
everyday objects in unfamiliar settings,
creating a strange world where the irrational
became visible.
• Hitler and the Nazis used art to depict heroic
Germans.
• In literature, the search for the unconscious
became popular. Writers used techniques to
show their characters’ innermost thoughts.
Arts and Science (cont.)
• James Joyce used this style in Ulysses,
which tells the story of one day in the life of
ordinary citizens in Dublin.
• In Germany, Hermann Hesse’s novels
focused on the spiritual loneliness of modern
human beings in a mechanized urban
society.
• In science, Albert Einstein’s work in physics
continued into the 1930s.
Arts and Science (cont.)
• Newtonian physics encouraged people to
believe that all phenomena could be defined
and predicted until 1927, when German
physicist Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle shook this belief.
• The uncertainty principle represented a new
world view based on uncertainty.
Which art form seeks to show that there is
a greater reality that exists beyond the
world of physical appearances?
A. Realism
B. Surrealism
C. Dadaism
D. Folk art
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
The AFTERMATH OF WAR and
Impact of GLOBAL DEPRESSION
• Many nations were unhappy
with the peace settlement
after World War I.
• The crash of the U.S. stock
market triggered a worldwide
financial crisis and a global
depression.
• The Great Depression made people doubt
democracy and look to authoritarian leaders for
simple solutions to problems.
TOTALITARIAN AND
AUTHORITARIAN Governments in
Europe Take Power
• Some nations in Europe replaced democracy with
totalitarian governments.
• Mussolini’s Fascist regime
in Italy controlled citizens
with mass propaganda.
• In the Soviet Union, Stalin
gained control of the
Communist Party, arresting
or killing those who opposed him.
The Rise of NAZI GERMANY
• Losses in World War I and economic devastation
led to political struggles in Germany.
• Hitler’s Nazi Party created a totalitarian state
based on racism and German nationalism.
• The Nazis enforced
their will through
secret police and
concentration camps.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
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Select a transparency to view.
depression
a period of low economic activity and
rising unemployment
collective bargaining
the right of unions to negotiate with
employers over wages and hours
deficit spending
when a government pays out more
money than it takes in through
taxation and other revenues, thus
going into debt
annual
yearly
ratio
proportion
totalitarian state
a government that aims to control the
political, economic, social, intellectual,
and cultural lives of its citizens
fascism
a political philosophy that glorifies the
state above the individual by
emphasizing the need for a strong
central government led by a
dictatorial ruler
collectivization
a system in which private farms are
eliminated and peasants work land
owned by the government
unprecedented
having nothing that has been done or
said in the past to compare to
media
channels or systems of
communication
Nazi
shortened form of the German
Nazional, or the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party; a member of
such party
concentration camp
a camp where prisoners of war,
political prisoners, or members of
minority groups are confined, typically
under harsh conditions
Aryan
a term used to identify people
speaking Indo-European languages;
Nazis misused the term, treating it as
a racial designation and identifying
the Aryans with the ancient Greeks
and Romans and twentieth-century
Germans and Scandinavians
require
to demand as being necessary
prohibit
to prevent or to forbid
photomontage
a picture made of a combination of
photographs
surrealism
artistic movement that seeks to depict
the world of the unconscious
uncertainty principle
the idea put forth by Heisenberg in
1927 that the behavior of subatomic
particles is uncertain, suggesting that
all of the physical laws governing the
universe are based on uncertainty
assembly
the fitting together of parts to make a
complete product
trend
a pattern or general tendency
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