Transcript World War I: 1914-1918

World War I: 1914-1918
WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)
US Enters in 1917
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64. Identify and explain reasons for changes in political boundaries such as those resulting
from international conflicts (WWI). (TEKS US 9B)
65. Identify the reasons for U.S. involvement in World War I, including unrestricted
submarine warfare (the Lusitania and the Zimmermann Note). (TEKS US 3B) (TAKS 1)
66. Explain the impact of significant international events, such as World War I, on changes in
the role of the federal government (financing the war and debate on membership in League
of Nations). (TEKS US 15B)
67. Explain how scientific discoveries and technological innovations such as those in
agriculture, the military, and medicine resulted from specific needs (gas mask, tanks,
airplanes, over production of crops). (TEKS US 22B)
68. Analyze significant events such as the Battle of Argonne Forest and the impact of
significant individuals including John J. Pershing during World War I. (TEKS US 3C)
69. Analyze major issues raised by U.S. involvement in World War I (isolation v.
internationalism), Wilson's Fourteen Points (League of Nations) and the Treaty of Versailles.
(TEKS US 3D) (TAKS 1)
70. Describe the economic effects of international military conflicts, including World War I,
on the U.S. (increased exports, increased agricultural production). (TEKS US 12E)
U.S. Involvement In WWI
• American Neutrality: at the start of WWI,
President Wilson sought to keep the US from
being drawn into the war
• U-Boats: submarines deployed by Germany to
keep the US from providing supplies to the Allies
• Lusitania: British passenger liner sunk on May 7th,
1915 by German submarine killing 1,200; 128
Americans
• Zimmermann telegram: proposal by Germany to
Mexico to ally itself with German in the event of
war with the US
MAIN Causes of World War I
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism,
Nationalism,
Today’s Sponge
• Identify MAIN causes of World War I
1. Militarism: building up a country’s army, navy
and military to gain military dominance over
your rivals
2. Alliance System: “entangling” alliances
3. Imperialism: the actions used by one nation to
exercise political and/or economic control over a
smaller or weaker nation
4. Nationalism: loyalty or devotion to a nation
Causes of World War I: Imperialism
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In the 19th century, a new phase of
Western expansion into Asia and
Africa began.
European nations began to view
Asian and African societies as a
source of industrial raw materials
and a market for Western
manufactured goods.
In this era, products of European
factories were sent to Africa, Asia,
and Latin America in return for oil,
tin, rubber, and the other resources
needed to fuel European industry
and economy.
Causes of World War I: Imperialism
• Imperialism is defined as the
extension of a nation’s power
over other lands.
• The imperialism of the late 19th
century was referred to as the
“new imperialism.”
– imperialism went beyond the
establishment of trading posts in
these regions.
– Now European countries sought
direct control over these
territories.
Causes of World War I: Imperialism
• Imperialism was tied to Social
Darwinism and racism.
– Social Darwinists believed
that in the struggle between
nations, the fit are victorious.
– Europeans believed that they
were racially and culturally
superior to non-European
people of the world.
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By the late 1800s, nationalism, or a
feeling of intense pride of one’s
homeland, had become a powerful idea
in Europe.
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Nationalists place primary emphasis on
promoting their homeland’s culture and
interests above those of other countries.
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One of the basic ideas of nationalism is
the right to self-determination—the idea
that who people belong to a nation
should have their own country and
government.
Nationalism
• In the 1800s, nationalism led to a
crisis in southeastern Europe in
the region known as the Balkans.
– once ruled by the Ottoman Empire
and Austria-Hungary
• As nationalism became a
powerful force in the 1800s, the
different national groups within
these empires began to press for
independence.
• Serbia was one of the first nations
of this region to obtain its
independence
• Russia supported the Serbs,
Austria-Hungary wanted to limit
its growth.
Militarism
• Militarism means that the
army and military forces are
given a high profile by the
government.
• The growing European divide
had led to an arms race
between the main countries.
• The armies of both France and
Germany had more than
doubled between 1870 and
1914 and there was fierce
competition between Britain
and Germany for mastery of
the seas.
Militarism: the Naval Race
In the late 1890s, the
Germans began building a
navy challenging Great
Britain’s historical
dominance at sea.
By the early 1900s, an
arms race had begun
between Great Britain and
Germany.
Militarism and
World War I
The British had introduced
the 'Dreadnought', an
effective battleship, in
1906.
The Germans soon
followed suit introducing
their own battleships. The
German, Von Schlieffen
also drew up a plan of
action that involved
attacking France through
Belgium if Russia made an
attack on Germany.
The
Alliance
System
In the 1860’s, Prussia—a German
kingdom—launched a series of wars to
unite the various German states into
one nation. By 1871, Prussia had
succeeded and the German Empire
was born.
France and Germany quickly became
enemies. To help unify Germany, the
Prussians had attacked and defeated
France in 1870, forcing the French to
give up territory along the German
border.
To defend itself, Germany joined into
an alliance with Italy and AustriaHungary. This alliance became known
as the Triple Alliance.
The
Alliance
System
--The formation of the Triple
Alliance alarmed Russian
leaders, who feared that
Germany might expand
eastward into Russia.
--Russia also feared AustriaHungary, and feared it
threatened southeastern
Europe. The Russians also
supported the Slavs of
southeast Europe.
--In 1894, Russia and France-recognizing their common
interests and fears of German
and Austria-Hungary--signed
the Franco-Russian alliance.
World War I:
the Balkan Crisis
In the late 1800s, nationalism
led to a crisis in southeastern
Europe—an area known as
the “Balkans.”
As nationalism had become a
powerful force in Europe,
different national groups in
these regions had begun to
push for independence,
including: the Serbs,
Bosnians, Croats, and
Slovenes.
Serbian Nationalism
The first of these people to
obtain their independence
were the Serbs, who
formed a nation called
Serbia between the
Ottoman Empire and
Austro-Hungarian state.
In 1908, Austria-Hungary
annexed Bosnia, which at
the time belonged to the
Ottoman Empire. This
infuriated the Serbs.
The European Continent
Goes to War
In late June 1914, the heir to
the Austro-Hungarian throne,
the Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, visited the Bosnian
capital of Sarajevo.
A Serbian nationalist named
Gavrilo Princip rushed his car
and shot Franz Ferdinand and
his wife to death.
The assassination occurred
with the knowledge of
Serbian officials who hoped to
start a war that would destroy
the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Europe Goes To War
Following the assassination of Franz
Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian
government decides to crush Serbia in
order to prevent Slavic nationalism
from undermining its empire.
Austia-Hungary sought the support of
Germany in case Russia entered the
war in defense of Serbia
Serbia counted on Russia for support
in the event of an attack; Russia
counted on the support of France.
On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia. Russia
mobilized its army in response.
Germany declared war on Russia on
August 1st. Two days later, it declared
war on France. WWI had begun.
Europe Goes To War
At the start of WWI, Germany
launched a massive invasion of
France. When German troops
advanced through neutral
Belgium, Britain declared war on
Germany.
Those fighting for the Triple
Entente were called the Allies:
France, Russia, and Great Britain;
Italy joined in 1915.
German and Austria-Hungary ,
along with the Ottoman Empire
and Bulgaria, formed the Central
Powers.
Civilians join German soldiers on their
first mile's march towards Paris.
French soldiers, also joined by
civilians, on their way to Berlin.
Russian soldiers with band in St.
Petersburg.
French cuirassiers depart Paris on
horseback.
The Kaiser's war order is read on 1Aug-1914.
Russian peasants "volunteer" for the
Czar's army.
Austro-Hungarian troops waiting to
depart from Prague.
English and French, colors side by
side, at the outbreak of hostilities.
British hordes swamp the recruiting office. This would augment
their small professional army with much needed manpower.
German troops packed into the
tender of a locomotive.
These care-free French troops would soon learn the
realities of war in the industrial age.
Russian soldiers with band in St. Petersburg.
Berlin students on their way to enlist.
World War I: The Home Front
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Conscription: forced military service; a military draft
Selective Service Act of 1917: required that all men between 21 and
30 to register for the draft. A lottery determined the order they were
called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting
people from military service
War Industries Board: To efficiently manage the relationship
between the federal government and private companies, Congress
created special boards to coordinate mobilization of the economy.
These boards emphasized cooperation between big business and
government. The WIB was created in July 1917 and coordinated the
production of war materials in the United States. The WIB told
manufacturers what they could and could not produce. It controlled
the flow of raw materials, ordered the construction of new factories,
and occasionally set prices.
National War Labor Board: an agency established in April, 1918 that
sought to prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort by
medicating labor disputes
Bernard Baruch: a Wall Street stockbroker who was appointed to run
the WIB
Victory garden: gardens planted by Americans during the war to
raise vegetables for home use, leaving more food for the troops
World War I: The Home Front
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Liberty and Victory Bonds: bonds sold to Americans to raise money for
to cover the cost of the World War I. By buying bonds, Americans were
loaning the government money.
Great Migration: many African Americans left the South in search of
work in northern cities and factories during WWI
Committee on Public Information: government agency created to “sell”
the war to the American people; headed by George Creel, it provided
“propaganda” to rally citizen support for the war effort
Propaganda: the spreading of ideas about an institution or individual
for the purpose of influencing public opinion
Espionage: spying, especially to gain government secrets
Espionage Act of 1917: an act passed to fight antiwar activities or
enemies at home; established penalties and prison terms for anyone
who gave to the enemy or interfered with the war effort
Sedition Act of 1918: expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act;
made it illegal to make any public expression of opposition to the war
Schenck v. the United States (1919); landmark Supreme Court case that
ruled that an individual’s freedom of speech could be curbed when the
words uttered constituted a “clear and present danger.”
World War I (1914-1918): Key Terms
• Trench Warfare: troops dig trenches and ditches, wait for enemy to attack;
new weapons: machine guns, tanks, airplanes- “dog fights”
• Battle of Argonne Forest: led by Gen. Pershing and 600,000 troops,
Americans break German defenses;
• Wilson’s 14 Points: Wilson’s plan for ending WWI; based on the principle
of justice to all peoples and nationalities; free trade, freedom of the seas;
disarmament, open diplomacy, no secret treaties, etc.
• League of Nations: a “general assembly of nations” created to preserve
peace and prevent future wars;
• Treaty of Versailles: signed 1919, stripped Germany of its armed forces;
they were also forced to pay reparations, or war damages
• Sedition Act of 1918: During WWI, the US Government stifled freedom of
speech with this act in an effort to silence anti-war protest; Socialist
Eugene Debs sentenced to 10 years for anti-war speech; the Supreme
Court ruled in Schenck v. the United States “individual freedom of speech
can be curbed when the words constitute a “clear and present danger.”
WWI: Casualties
• The total number of casualties in World War I,
both military and civilian, was about 37 million:
16 million deaths and 21 million wounded.
• The total number of deaths includes 9.7 million
military personnel and about 6.8 million civilians.
• The Entente Powers (also known as the Allies)
lost about 5.7 million soldiers.
• The Central Powers lost about 4 million.
Key Terms
• “No man’s land”: a rough, barren landscape
pockmarked with craters from artillery fire
• Convoy: a group of ships or troops that travel
with naval vessels for protection
Combat in World War I
• By the spring of 1917,
World War I had
devastated Europe and
claimed millions of lives.
Why?
• The early offensives of the
war demonstrated how the
nature of warfare had
changed.
• New weapons:
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Modern rifles
Machine guns
Heavy artillery
U-boats (submarines)
Combat in WWI
• Because of these new
weapons, troops along the
Western Front began to dig
a network of trenches that
extended from the English
Channel to the Swiss border.
• The space between the
opposing lines or trenches
became known as “no
man’s land”
• Troops crossing no man’s
land were cut down or
slaughtered.
No Man’s Land
Combat in WWI
• To break these
impenetrable defenses,
each side of the conflict
developed new
technologies.
– Poison Gas: caused
vomiting, blindness and
suffocation
– Tanks
– First use of airplanes on
combat
Key Terms
• Wilson’s 14 Points: Wilson’s plan for ending WWI;
based on the principle of justice to all peoples and
nationalities; free trade, freedom of the seas;
disarmament, open diplomacy, no secret treaties, etc.
• League of Nations: a “general assembly of nations”
created to preserve peace and prevent future wars;
• Treaty of Versailles: signed 1919, stripped Germany of
its armed forces; they were also forced to pay
reparations, or war damages in the amount of $33
billion
Establishing Peace
• In January 1919, a
peace conference began
in Paris to resolve issues
that cause WWI
• Big 4 (Main Figures):
– President Wilson (US)
– David Lloyd George (GB)
– Georges Clemenceau
(FR)
– Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Establishing Peace (cont’d)
• Wilson’s plan for
establishing peace was
known as the Fourteen
Points.
– Based on the “principle of
justice for all peoples and
nationalities”
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Free trade
Disarmament
Freedom of the seas
Impartial (fair) adjustment
of colonial claims
• Open diplomacy
• Self-determination
Establishing Peace (cont’d)
• The most important 14th
point called for the
creation of a “general
association of nations”
known as the League of
Nations.
• Under the League of Nations,
nations would agree to help
preserve peace and prevent
future wars by pledging to
respect and protect each
other’s territory and political
independence.
The Treaty of Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles,
signed by Germany on June
28, 1919, weakened or
ignored many of Wilson’s 14
points. Under the treaty:
– Germany stripped of its
armed forces
– Forced to pay reparations, or
war damages in the amount
of $33 billion to the Allies
– Required Germany to accept
guilt for the outbreak of WWI
and the devastation it caused
Treaty of Versailles (con’t)
• The war caused the
break-up of four
empires:
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Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
• split into separate
countries
– Nine new countries
created Yugoslavia ,
Poland, Czechoslovakia
U.S. Senate Rejects the Treaty
• The Treaty of Versailles,
especially the League of
Nations, faced immediate
opposition from U.S.
lawmakers.
– Fear that the League of
Nations would prevent the
US from own foreign
actions
• Senate failed to ratify the
treaty in 1919 and 1920
U.S. Senate Rejects the Treaty
Europe after World War I (1923)
Europe Before/After WWI
The results of artillery bombardment. The once tree-lined road
to Guillemont. August, 1916.
The devastation of Delville Wood. September, 1916.
Péronne during the Battle of the Somme, 1916--Robert Carlson. "Don't be angry, just
be amazed," was the calling card left by Germans on the destroyed town hall of
Péronne after their withdrawal to the Hindenberg Line. The sign is on display in
Péronne today in the Historial de la grande guerre.
British infantry knee deep in mud.
The results of artillery bombardment.
German cemetery at Bethune.
Dead French soldiers in the Argonne. Many soldiers developed a defensive
callousness after seeing such sights frequently, and blotted these images out of their
conscious minds for ever.
Americans burying their dead, Bois de Consenvoye, France,
November 8, 1918
German remains at Verdun.