Transcript Chapter 1: Colonizing America

Chapter 1: Colonizing America
SECTION 1: NORTH AMERICA BEFORE
COLUMBUS
Mesoamerican Cultures
 Current science suggests that the first
humans arrived in America between 15,000
and 30,000 years ago.
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
DNA tests show that these people most likely came
from Northeast Asia.
These people used a land bridge that connected Asia
and Alaska.
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Beringia
Why did these people cross the land bridge?

Nomadic hunters following large animals.
 Overtime these people began to spread throughout
the Americas.
 Agricultural Revolution
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
Occurred between 7,500 and 9,500 years ago.
Early Americans began planting crops.
Began in Mesoamerica.


Mesoamerica= central and southern Mexico and Central America.
Ag. Revolution allowed for the development of the first
civilizations.
The Olmec
 The first people to develop a civilization in
Mesoamerica.
 Olmec culture emerged between 1500 B.C. and 1200
B.C.
 They developed a sophisticated society.

Had large villages, temples complexes, and pyramids.
 Olmec ideas and culture will spread throughout
Mesoamerica.
The Maya
 Emerged around 200 AD in the Yucatan Peninsula and
expanded into Central America and Southern Mexico.
 The Maya developed complex and accurate calendars
linked to the positions of the stars.
 They also built temple pyramids.
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Some pyramids were 200 ft. high.
At the top, the Maya performed ceremonies to honor their gods.
 The Maya were not unified.

Each city-state controlled its own territory and frequently went to
war with one another.
 The Mayan culture thrived until 900 AD when they
abandoned the Yucatan.
The Toltec and The Aztec
 The Toltec Built the city of Tula.
 They were master architects building large pyramids and huge
palaces.
 They were among the first American people to use gold and
copper in art and jewelry.
 Around 1150, Tula fell to invaders from the north known as the
Chichimec.
The Aztecs
 One group of Chichimec called the Mexica, founded the
city of Tenochtitlan around 1350. (Modern day Mexico
City)
 The Mexica took the name Aztec for themselves .
 The Aztecs created an empire by conquering their
neighbors.

Using their military power, they controlled trade in the region and
demanded tribute from the cities they conquered.
 The Aztecs were known to sacrifice humans to honor
their gods.
 By 1500, 5 million people were living under Aztec rule.
Western Cultures
 The Hohokam Developed around 700 AD in south-central Arizona.
 They developed large irrigation canals.
 They grew corn, cotton, beans, and squash.
 The Hohokam civilization flourished for 1000 years but by the
1300s they abandoned their irrigation systems and by 1500
they disappeared from history.
 The Anasazi Developed in the four-corners region of the USA around 700900 AD.
 These people are also known as the Navajo.
 They collected water by building networks of basins and
ditches to channel rain water.
 The Anasazi would be known for building pueblos.
 Pueblos were made out of mud and stone. These building
could be multistory houses.
Mississippian Culture and Its Descendents
 Between 700-900 AD, Mississippian culture
emerged.
 It began in the Mississippi River valley
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Rich soil allowed the people to grow maize and beans.
 The Mississippians built big cities and flat top
pyramids.
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Cahokia covered 5 sq miles and was home to 16,000 people.
Peoples of the Southeast
 Many aspects of Mississippian culture traveled to the
Southeast.
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Most people lived in towns with houses and buildings
surrounding a central plaza.
Women did most of the farming, while men hunted deer, bear,
and wildfowl.
 The Cherokee was the largest civilization in the
southeast.
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They were located in North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and
Northeastern Georgia .
About 20,000 Cherokee lived in 60 towns when the Europeans
arrived.
The Great Plains
 The people of the Great Plains were nomads.
 They abandoned farming and their towns to become nomads
due to war or drought.
 They followed buffalo herds that migrated throughout the
Great Plains.
 The mastery of taming wild horses brought over by
the Spanish allowed native people to move and hunt
more easily.
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The Sioux became the some of the world’s greatest mounted
hunters and warriors.
Northeastern Peoples
 The people of the Northeast combined hunting,
fishing, and farming to make great societies.
 These people used slash and burn techniques to clear
more land for farming.
 Two groups of people emerged.
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1. The Algonquian
2. The Iroquois
The Algonquian
 The Algonquian speaking people lived in what it is
today the New England area.
 A group of Algonquian people also lived in Virginia.
 The Algonquian were the first Native Americans to
encounter English settlers.
The Iroquois
 The Iroquois people could be found in New York and
Canada.
 Iroquois tribes
Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and
Mohawk.
 Iroquois lived in longhouses in large towns protected by
wooded stockades.
 Men did the hunting and women were responsible for
planting and harvesting crops.
 Women selected the ruling councilmen
 Iroquois Confederacy
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formed by 5 nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and
Onondaga.)
Hiawatha, leader of the Mohawk, founded the Confederacy.
The confederacy agreed to a Great Binding Law.

Which was an oral constitution defining how the alliance worked.
Chapter 1: Colonizing America
LESSON 2: EUROPE BEGINS TO EXPLORE
European Exploration
 Expanding Horizons The CrusadesPope Urban II called for Christians to free their religion’s holy
places from Muslim control.
 The crusades brought western Europeans into contact with Arab
civilization.
 Trade began to develop between the two grew and by the year
1200 rich Italian city states would emerge.
 The land route to Asia was so unpredictable that Europeans
began to search for an all water route to the East.
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Scientific Advances
 In order to find an all water route to Asia, Western
Europeans needed navigation instruments and ships
capable of long-distance travel.
 The Astrolabe
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A device invented by the ancient Greeks and refined by the
Arabs.
The astrolabe uses the position of the sun to determine
direction, latitude, and local time.
 The Compass Acquired by the Europeans from Arab traders.
 The compass reliably show magnetic north.
 Lateen Sails Triangle shaped sails that made it possible to sail against the
wind.
 The Caravel A Portuguese ship that incorporated all of these new
improvements.
Portuguese Exploration
 Using their caravels, Portuguese explorers became
the first Europeans to look for an all water route.
 Portugal’s Prince Henry dispatched ships to explore
Africa’s west coast.
 In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip
of Africa.
 A decade later, 4 ships led by Vasco de Gama sailed
around Africa and reached the southwest coast of
India finding the water route to Asia.
Exploring America
 Columbus
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Believed it was possible to circumnavigate the
world.
His goal was?
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Columbus began seeking financial backing in 1484.
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Asked Portugal….. Got denied
It wasn’t until 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella
of Spain financed 3 ships.
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To find an all water route to Asia by sailing West.
Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
He set sail in August and by October 1492, the
ships reached the Bahamas.
Seeking gold, Columbus discovered the Islands of
Cuba and Hispaniola.
Spain Claims America
 In March 1493, Columbus returned to Spain.
 Returned with gold, parrots, spices, and Native Americans.
 The fame of Columbus began a rivalry or feud with Portugal.
 1493 – The Treaty of Tordesillas
 Created by Pope Alexander VI
 drew a line of demarcation running down the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean.
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Spain would own all land to the West and Portugal would own all
land to the East.
The line would be moved the to west giving Portugal the ability
to claim Brasil.
Naming America
 In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci repeated Columbus’s
attempt to sail west.
 After sailing along the coast of South America,
Vespucci discovered that this landmass could not be
Asia.
 In 1507, a German map maker proposed that this
new continent be named America.
New Spain
 In 1519, Hernan Cortes sailed from Cuba to the
Yucatan Peninsula
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They had 11 ships and 550 men and 16 horses.
 The Spanish horses, guns, and armor scared the
natives.
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Natives have never seen horses before.
 Cortes used this fear to gain allies to help his
expedition fight the powerful Aztecs.
 Montezuma, the Aztec emperor ordered an attack on the
Spanish at Cholula.
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The Spanish learned of the attack and surprised the Aztec army
killing 6,000 Cholulans.
 Believing that Cortes was unstoppable, Montezuma
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invited him and his army in to Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
Montezuma was taken hostage by Cortes.
Disease was the biggest killer of the Aztec people.
Although they fought to defeat the Spanish, they were
unsuccessful.
With Montezuma dead, the Spanish destroyed
Tenochtitlan and build Mexico City on its ruins.
In 1521, Mexico became known as New Spain.
French and Dutch Settlements
 New France In 1524, King Francis I sent Giovanni da Verrazano to find the
Northwest Passage.
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10 years later, Jacques Cartier made three trips to North
America.
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Never found the passage.
Mapped out the St. Lawrence River.
In 1602, King Henry IV authorized French merchants to
establish a colony in what today is Canada.
In 1608, Champlain founded Quebec, which became the
capital of New France.
New France
 How did the French make money?
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The fur trade
These people preferred to make their homes alongside the native
people with whom they traded with.
Very few people moved to New France.
 In 1663, King Louis XIV made New France a royal
colony.
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With more people pouring into New France, French explorers began
to search the land.
Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette found the Mississippi river.
Rene-Robert Cavelier de La Salle followed the Mississippi all the way
to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed this region for France and named
it Louisiana in honor of the French King.
 Biloxi was the first permanent French settlement in LA.
New Netherlands
 In 1609, the Dutch East India Company hired
English navigator Henry Hudson to locate a passage
to Asia through North America.
 Hudson discovered a large river in modern day New
York and claimed it for the Dutch.

Named this land New Netherlands.
 Like New France, the economy was focused on the
fur trade and population grew slowly.
Chapter 1: Colonizing America
LESSON 3: FOUNDING THE THIRTEEN
COLONIES
England’s First Colonies
 John Cabot

In 1497, he led the first English expedition.
England would not make an effort to explore for another 80 years.
 The Protestant Reformation
In 1534, King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic church and
created the Anglican Church or the Church of England.
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Henry would make himself the head of this new church.
PuritansWanted to remove any Catholic traditions left in the Anglican
church.
 They also disapproved the monarch having power to appoint
bishops to run the church.

Economic Changes in England
 With the population in England rapidly growing, the
English leaders concluded that the colonies in
America were necessary.
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The colonies provided work and land for England’s rising
number of unemployed.
 Joint- stock Companies Form of business organization in which many investors pool
their funds to raise large amounts of money for large projects.
 England’s wool cloth trade was looking for new markets.
Roanoke
 English colonization was not easy nor always
successful.
 Sir Walter Raleigh
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Sent settlers to Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina.
The first group left the island after a rough winter.
The 2nd group of settlers landed in 1587 and vanished.
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The mystery behind the Roanoke settlers gives Roanoke the
nickname of “The Lost Colony.”
The Chesapeake Colonies
 Virginia Company Were granted a charter by King James I in 1606.
 Set sail from England with 3 ships and 144 men.
104 men survived the voyage.
 Discovered the James river and the colony of Jamestown.

 Jamestown Early troublesWinters at Jamestown were tough.
 Captain John Smith began to trade with the Powhatan
Confederacy for food.
 After the winter of 1609-10, there were only 60 settlers left in
Jamestown.
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Jamestown Cont.
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Tobacco Saves the Colony
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In 1614, the colony sent its first tobacco shipment to England.
In 1618, the Virginia Company granted the colonists the right to elect a
lawmaking body.
 The elected representatives were called the burgesses.
 The assembly was called the House of Burgesses.
Headrights A system introduced by the Virginia Company.
 Settlers who paid their own way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.
 Settlers also received 50 acres for each family member over 15 years of age
and servant they brought to Virginia.
In 1619, Africans were first brought to Virginia.
 Jamestown purchased 20 African men as “Christian servants” not slaves.
Virginia would become a Royal colony in 1622 after the Virginia Companies
charter was revoked.
Maryland is Founded
 George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
 Founded the colony of Maryland.
 The land was once a piece of Virginia.
 Maryland was a place where Catholics can practice their
religion freely.
 Proprietary colony

A colony owned by an individual.
The Toleration Act in 1649
Mandated religious toleration for all Christians but made
denying the divinity of Jesus a crime punished by death.
Pilgrims and Puritans
 Pilgrims Puritan separatist group sailed to America in 1620.
 Plymouth Colony On September 16, 1620, 120 passengers boarded the Mayflower and
set sail for Virginia.
 In November, they reached Cape Cod and finally came ashore near
Plymouth, Massachusetts.
 Mayflower Compact
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Written while the pilgrims were still aboard the Mayflower.
It was a written framework of government.
The pilgrims may not have survived without the help of the local
Native Americans.
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Squanto a member of the Wampanoag tribe, showed the pilgrims how to
grow corn and fish.
The following fall, the pilgrims and the natives had a three day festival to
thank god for their harvest.
 Became known as Thanksgiving.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
 John Winthrop After a depression in the English wool industry, Winthrop and puritan
stockholders in the Massachusetts Bay Company received a charter from
King Charles to create a colony in New England.
 Winthrop decided to turn this colony into a refuge for Puritans.
 Winthrop was the 1st Governor of the colony.
 Mass. Bay Colony Grew fast and as things worsened in England, more and more people
came to the colony.
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By 1643, an estimated 20,000 settlers arrived in New England.
Became known as the Great Migration.
Puritans kept the separation between church and state.
Heretics

People who disagree with established religious beliefs.
Typically banned from the colony.
Rhode Island and Dissent
 In 1631, a minister named Roger Williams arrived in
Mass.
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Williams believed Puritans corrupted themselves by staying within
the Anglican Church.
He also declared that the king had no right to give away Native
American land.
In 1635, the Mass. General Court ordered William be deported to
England but Williams escaped.
He purchased land from the Natives and established the town of
Providence in 1636.
 Religious beliefs were tolerated not suppressed.
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Other dissenters established Portsmouth, Newport, and Warwick.

These towns will combine together to create the Colony of Rhode
Island.
New England Expands
 In 1636, Reverend Thomas Hooker moved his
congregation to the Connecticut River Valley.
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They founded the city of Hartford.
The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Written constitution that gave all adult men the right to vote.
 In 1679, New Hampshire broke away from Mass. and
became a royal colony.
King Philip’s War
 Began in 1675.
 The Plymouth Colony arrested and executed 3
members of the Wampanoag tribe.
 King Philip was a nickname for the Wampanoag
leader Metacomet.
 Colonists killed Philip in 1676 and mounted his head
on a pike.
 By wars end in 1678, very few natives remained in
New England.
England’s Civil War and New Colonies
 The English Civil War arose because of a power
struggle between King Charles I and Parliament.

With the monarchy restored after Cromwell’s death, the
English government began backing a new round of
colonization in America.
New York and New Jersey
 The Dutch colony of New Netherlands grew slowly.
 In 1664, King Charles II successfully took the colony from the
Dutch.
 He granted the land to his brother the Duke of York.

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James renamed the colony New York.
New Jersey attracted people by offering huge land grants,
religious freedom, and the right to have a legislative assembly.
PA and Delaware
 William Penn A member of the Society of Friends aka the Quakers.
 The Quakers saw no need for ministers and believed in
religious toleration.
 In 1681, Penn was awarded a land grant from King Charles II.
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Charles owed a debt to Penn’s father.
Pa was a colony of religious and political freedom.
Capital was named Philadelphia (City of Brotherly Love).
 Delaware Formed from land Penn acquired from the Duke of York.
The Carolinas
 The colonies were not divided until 1729.
 North Carolina Home to small population of farmers that grew tobacco as a
cash crop.
 South Carolina Colonist hoped to cultivate sugarcane, but it did not grow well
there.
 Instead, they deported deer skins obtained from natives.
 The colonists also developed a profitable trade shipping
enslaved natives to the West Indies.
The Georgia Experiment
 Georgia Founded by James Oglethrope.
 Became a colony where poor people could start over.
 Settlers arrived in 1733.
 Became a royal colony in 1752.
 Was a buffer between Spanish Florida and South Carolina.
Chapter 1: Colonizing America
LESSON 4: POPULATION AND ECONOMY
New England Society
 Society was centered on small towns.
 Most farmers were subsistence farmers.
 The general court appointed town officials and
managed the town’s affairs.
 Overtime, townspeople began discussing local
problems and issues at town meetings.
 Selectmen
Picked to oversee town matters.
 Colonists were allowed to participate in local
government.
 Puritans who settled New England valued religious
devotion, hard work, and obedience to strict rules
regulating daily life.
 Towns with at least 50 families needed to have
schools.
Life in the Middle Colonies
 The middle colonies attracted groups of non-English
immigrants.
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Scots-Irish and Germans immigrated to PA because of the
religious toleration.
 Trade allowed the Northern ports of Boston, New
York, and Philly to grow.
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This created distinct social classes.
Middle Colonies Social Classes
 1st Class- Wealthy Merchants
 Controlled the city’s trade.
 Patterned themselves after British upper class.
 Wore elegant clothes and rode in fancy carriages.
 2nd Class- Skilled Artisans
 Made up nearly half of the city’s population.
 Artisans were skilled workers such as carpenters, smiths, glassmakers, coopers,
bakers, masons, and shoemakers.
 Innkeepers and retailers who owned their own businesses were also included in
this class.
 3rd Class- Unskilled workers
 Many of these people were employed at the harbor or they were servants.
 30% of the cities population.
 4th Class- Slaves and Indentured Servants
 10-20% of the city’s population
 Served as servants and laborers for the city’s wealthier inhabitants.
Southern Society
 The plantation system created a society with distinct
social classes.
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1. Planters
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2. Backcountry Farmers
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Farmers worked small plots of land, lived in tiny houses, and
largely practiced subsistence farming.
3. Tenant Farmers
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Top class, owned slaves, same percentage of the population.
Led difficult lives but had higher social class than indentured
servants.
4. Indentured Servants
5. Enslaved Africans
Indentured Servants
 Not enslaved people.
 The person who bought their contract promised to
provide food, clothing, and shelter until their
contract expired.
 In return, the servant agreed to work for the owner
of the contract.
 Why would someone want an indentured servant?
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According to the Virginia headright system, the landowner got
another 50 acres of land.
The Growth of Enslaved Labor
 Bacon’s Rebellion Planter Nathaniel Bacon organized his own militia to fight
natives in the backcountry.
 He then marched against the capital of Jamestown. (burned it
to the ground)
 Bacon became ill and died but the rebellion had lasting
consequences.
It convinced many wealthy planters that land should be made
available to backcountry farmers.
 Led to an increase on the reliance on slave labor.

 Why switch to slave labor?
 Slaves did not have to be freed.
 They could never demand their own land.
 English government adopted policies that encouraged slavery.
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King Charles II granted a charter to the Royal African Company to
engage in the slave trade.
Planters can use their Slaves (like property) as collateral to
borrow money and expand their plantations.
The Colonial Economies
 Economic Relationships The first part of the triangle system started in New England.
New England merchants shipped fish, lumber, and meat to sugar
plantations in the Caribbean.
 In return, they received credit slips or molasses which they used to
make rum.
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The second part involved the transport of finished goods from
New England to West Africa.
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In return, they received enslaved Africans.
The last part of the trade system brought enslaved Africans to
the Caribbean.
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The demand for slave labor on plantations fueled the system.
New England Economy
 Colonists tended to cultivate crops in small farms.
 main crop was corn but they also raised live stock.
 Fishing and whaling brought prosperity to N.E.
 Colonists found markets for their fish in the colonies, Europe,
and the Caribbean.
 The lumber industry also developed in N.E.
 Waterfalls powered saw mills.
 Lumber was used to make furniture, buildings, and barrels.
 Shipbuilding also became very important.
 1 out of 3 English ships were built in N.E.
Economic Life in the Middle Colonies
 Colonists in Pa, NY, NJ, and Delaware benefited
from fertile soil and a long growing season.
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They produced rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and wheat.
The large rivers in the area allowed farmers to get their crops
to markets.
When wheat prices doubled, great prosperity came to the area.
Southern Colonies
 The economy of the South was based on the sale of
cash crops.
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Tobacco
First successful cash crop of the South.
 Mostly grown in Virginia and Maryland.
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Rice
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Grown in South Carolina and Georgia.
IndigoUsed to make blue dye for cloth.
 It was rare and in high demand.
 Needed high ground and sandy soil to grow.

Chapter 1: Colonizing America
LESSON 5: GOVERNANCE AND NEW IDEAS
The Imperial System
 Mercantilism An economic theory about the world economy.
 Believed that to become wealthy, a country must acquire gold
and silver.
 This could be done by selling more goods to other countries
than it bought from them.
 They argued that a country should be self-sufficient and
colonies made that happen.
 The home country would buy raw materials off the colonies
and sell the colony finished goods.
 Benefits of Mercantilism They had a reliable market for their raw materials and a
supplier of manufactured goods they needed.
 Drawbacks to Mercantilism Prevented the colonies from selling goods to other nations.
 If the colony produced nothing the home country needed, it
could not acquire gold or silver to buy manufactured goods.
The Navigation Acts
 Began in 1660
 These act required that all goods shipped to and
from the colonies be carried on English ships and
listed specific products that could be sold only to
England or other English colonies.
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Products- sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, and indigo.
 These acts angered Americans and many broke the
law.
Dominion of New England
 In 1685 King James II took the throne.
 In the same year, Mass., New
Hampshire, and Maine were merged
into the Dominion of New England.
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The Dominion was governed by a English
governor-general appointed by the King.
By 1688, Plymouth, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, NY, and NJ were added to the
Dominion.
 Edmund Andros was appointed first
governor-general.
The Glorious Revolution
 With fears of a Catholic dynasty ruling the English
throne, Parliament invited James’s daughter Mary
and her Dutch Husband William to the throne.
 The pressure forced James II to abdicated the
throne.
 William and Mary removed the Dominion and they
accepted the English Bill of Rights.
 These became the basis for U.S. Bill of Rights.
The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
 Enlightenment Thinkers
John LockeStated that revolutions against kings were justified.
 Published Two Treatises of Government.
 He argued that people’s minds were blank slates that could
be shaped by society and education, making people better.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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In the social contract he argued that a government should be
formed by the consent of the people, who would then make
their own laws.
Baron de MontesquieuIn the Spirit of Laws, he suggests that there were three types
of political power- executive, legislative, and judicial.
 These powers should be separated into different branches to
protect people’s liberty.

Religion
 Pietism European religious movement
 Stressed the individuals piety and an emotional union with
God.
 Held religious revivals.
 The Great Awakening Launched by Jonathan Edwards
 Had powerful sermons
 Served to undermine allegiance to traditional authority.