Transcript Mass society in an Age of Progressx

E. Grisham
Western Civ. II
nd
2
Industrial Revolution

 1. New Products
 Steel, chemicals, electricity, internal combustion
engine
 2. New Markets
 Rise in incomes and population gave European
businesses strong domestic markets
 Europeans began to develop a modernized economy
based on mass consumption
nd
2
Industrial Rev.

 Germany became the new industrial capital of
Europe, replacing England
 Industrialization spread to the U.S. & Japan, while
Eastern European countries remained primarily
agricultural
Women in the Workforce

 Most women worked in sweatshops or did
piecework from home before the second IR
 But after 1870, new jobs became available for
women white collar service jobs such as clerks,
typists, secretaries, and phone operators
 Overall, the lack of jobs for women led many to
become prostitutes
Organizing Workers

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA
 Inspired by Marxist ideas, many workers came together to form
socialist political parties
 These parties became popular in Germany and worked to
improve conditions for the working class
 Some Marxists believed in pure Marxism that predicted the
collapse of capitalism and the need for socialists ownership of
the means of production
 Others, however, believed in a revisionist Marxism which
encouraged workers to unite and achieve power through
politics rather than revolution
 Still, others disagreed with Marx’s emphasis on lack of ties to a
particular nation or country. In many cases, nationalist
sentiment was stronger among workers than was class loyalty.
Organizing Workers

 Unions were also formed to fight for fair working
conditions. Sometimes, they would go on strike, but
more often they used collective bargaining as a tool
to improve conditions.
 Others believed in a more radical society based on
anarchy. They believed the state should be abolished
completely.
 Used assassination & terror, but no states collapsed.
Mass Society

 Population growth caused by improvements in
agriculture and industry
 Emigration many moved seeking opportunity or
escaping the problems of industrialization
 Urbanization growth of cities
 Improvements in living conditions reformers
pushed for government intervention (sewage, mass
transportation, etc…)
Mass Culture

 Leisure time
 Sports, vacations, music halls
 Consumer goods
 Department stores, advertising
National States

Growth of political democracy
Expansion of voting rights in GB
New constitutional republic in France
Revolutionaries fought for rights in Spain where only
propertied classes could vote
 Italy became unified but only 2.5% of the population
could vote
 In Central and Eastern Europe, the old order remained
strong
 Many faced problems of trying to unite multiple
nationalities under one state




E. Grisham
Western Civ. II
Physics

 Questioned the material
world and theorized that not
everything in the universe
adhered to a certain pattern,
but instead could be random
and irregular
 Einstein:
 Theory of relativity
 Stated that space and
time were not absolute,
but relative
 Many people who had
relied on the orderliness
of science became
confused and anxious
Nietzsche

 Believed Christianity’s
emphasis on rules and
moral laws had
diminished people’s
“impulse for life” and
caused all of the problems
in Western society
 He thought people should
free themselves from
religion and create their
own values
 “God is dead”
Sigmund Freud

 His theories
undermined the ideas
on the rational nature
of the human mind
 His thoughts, like
Einstein's and
Nietzsche’s, added to
the uncertainty of the
age
Sigmund Freud

 Published The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900 which
became the foundation of psychoanalysis
 Argued that human behavior was largely
determined by the unconscious
 Used hypnosis and interpretation of dreams to study
the unconscious
 Focused on repressed past experiences

Sigmund Freud

 Believed humans had a constant internal struggle
between the ID, EGO, & SUPEREGO
 ID
 Center of unconsciousness, desires & impulses
 EGO
 Reason and balance of an individual
 SUPEREGO
 Consciousness, morals that society taught people
Social Darwinism

 Application of Darwin’s theories to soceity
 “Survival of the fittest” applied to the following:





Rich v. poor
Successful businesses v. unsuccessful businesses
Strong nations v. weaker nations
“Civilized people” v. “uncivilized people”
“superior races” v. “inferior races”
 Germans/Aryan race “superior”
 Jews, gypsies, Africans, Asians “inferior”
Attack on Christianity

 Separation of church and state
 Scientific thought and growing emphasis on
technology
 The church rejected a lot of new ideas
Modernism

 Literature
 Naturalism: emphasis on reality
 “telling things as they were”
 Tried to be objective
 Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment
 Symbolism: reaction against realism
 “art for art’s sake”
Art

 Impressionism: loose brush strokes, emphasis
on light and color
 Monet & Berthe Morisot
Art

 Post-impressionism: beginning of modern art
 Cezanne & Van Gogh
Art

 Individual expression
 Art became less about
capturing reality
(invention of the camera)
and more about
expression
 Picasso
 Cubism: using
geometric shapes to
recreate an image
 Abstract art: focused
on color and not on
reality
Women’s Rights

 Emphasis on family and
marriage laws
 New professions
 Nursing
 Right to vote suffragists
(most places still did not
extend suffrage to
women)
 “New Woman” broke
traditional gender roles
 Educated, not married,
no children
Jews

 Racism, nationalism, and uncertainty led to the creation of new
political groups who worked to isolate and persecute the Jews
 Placed in ghettos
 Seen as the murderers of Jesus
 Anti-Semitism was widespread in Austria, Germany, and
Russia
 Blamed Jews for problems in society
 In Russia, organized massacres of Jews were common
 Thousands of Jews left Russia to escape persecution and went
to the U.S. and Palestine
 Many returned to Palestine as the land of Ancient Israel, it held
historic and religious importance for them and they hoped to
established a Jewish state there (Zionist Movement)
Great Britain

 Changes in liberalism
 Liberals were forced to adopt social reforms due to
pressures from trade unions & the Labor Party
 Fought for bore government intervention in the economy
(opposite of lassiez faire liberalism)
 The Labor Party was successful in electing 29 members to
the House of Commons, forcing liberals to enact social
programs or loose support of workers
 They passed legislation that created a new British welfare
state to benefit workers (retirement, unemployment,
healthcare, etc…)
France

 Dreyfus Affair
 Alfred Dreyfus
 A Jew and captain in the French military found guilty of
selling military secrets and sentenced to life in prison on
Devil’s island
 Evidence emerged that proved his innocence and that
another aristocratic Catholic officer was clearly guilty
 However, because of antisemitism and the aristocratic &
Catholic nature of the French military, the Army refused
a retrial
 After public outcry, Dreyfus was pardoned by the
government almost 15 years later
Germany

 By 1914, Germany was the strongest military and
industrial power in Europe
 However, there were tensions between modernism
(industrialization) & traditionalism (limited
democratic participation in a largely autocratic
military state)
Austria-Hungary

 Made up of multiple nationalities
 Tensions rose as different nationalities pushed for
autonomy
Russia

 Revolution of 1905
 Discontent in Russia led a large group of workers to march
on the winter palace at St. Petersburg to present a petition of
grievances to tsar Nicholas II
 Troops opened fire on the peaceful procession and launched
a revolution
 Known as “Bloody Sunday”
 In October, Nicholas II released the October Manifesto,
granting civil liberties & creating a legislative assembly
known as the Duma
 However, these reforms were short lived and within a few
years, things returned to the way they were before
United States

 The U.S. had become a world industrial power by
1914
 Was the world’s richest nation
 During the Progressive Era, reforms were put in
place to combat the problems of industrialization
and limit the power of corrupt business practices
The New Imperialism

 1880s
 Competition for colonies abroad in Africa & Asia
 Reasons for Imperialism:
 Social Darwinism: the belief that Europeans were the
dominant race, meant to dominate other races
 Religion: moral responsibility to “civilize” ignorant
people “White Man’s Burden”
 Economic: demand for resources, trade, & new markets
 Competition: to prove more powerful than other European
nations
 South Africa:
Africa

 Great Britain took control of
Cape town, previously controlled
by the Dutch
 Boer War

GB overthrew the Boers
(Dutch) who controlled South
Africa and makes South Africa
part of the British Empire
 West Africa: controlled by the
French
 Egypt: controlled by Great
Britain, who wanted access to the
Suez Canal for trade with India
 By 1914, Africa was carved up by
the European powers
Asia

 GB:
 Australia, India
 France:
 Indochina, Cambodia
 Russia:
 Alaska, Manchuria (leads to Russo-Japanese war)
 U.S.:
 Philippines, Guam, Samoa, Pureto Rico, & Hawaii
China

 Imperialist nations all
wanted to control China
 Instead, John Hay, U.S.
secretary of state,
proposed an “Open Door
Policy”.
 This allowed everyone to
equally trade with China
& instead of establishing
colonies, each country
would have a “sphere of
influence”
China

 Boxer Rebellion
 Uprising of Chinese martial arts warriors who fought to
push the foreigners out of China
 The European powers collectively smashed the rebellion
Leading up to War

 Decline of the Ottoman Empire
 “Sick Man of Europe”
 Land was “up for grabs” by other European powers
 Wanted by Russia & Austria
 Russia fights for control of the Balkans and wins
 After the victory, the other European powers meet at a
Congress of Berlin
 Decide to give some territory back to the Ottomans, some
to the Austrians, and to allow Serbia, Romania, and
Montenegro to become independent states
 Russia is not happy with this decision
Leading up to War

 Alliances
 Formed for military protection
 Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy
 Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia
Leading up to War

 Bosnian Crisis
 Austria’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
angered the Serbians, who wanted to create a Serbian
kingdom, uniting Slavic peoples
 Serbia prepared for war against Austria with Russian
support (who had wanted the territory in the Balkans
for themselves)
 2 Balkan wars left no real changes
 Europe was on the brink of a major war
Imperialism

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo&
list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=35