Transcript Interactions in the World 1750 to 1914

MODERN ERA
INTERACTIONS:
1750 - 1914
THEMES
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Modernization
• Reform, industrialization, progress minus Westernization
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Westernization
• The west as the cultural, economic, political model
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Democratization
• Increasing franchise, increasing governmental voice
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Industrialization, Mechanization
• Machines, technology replace human, animal muscle
• Mass production of items, decreasing prices
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Commercialism, Consumerism
• Capitalism, profit, buying replace tradition, command in economics
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Disruptions, Conflict, War
• Change marks all societies leading to conflict, war
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Population Movements
• Urbanization, Immigration, Migration
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Western Global Hegemony
• It is the West and all of the Rest
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Globalization or Diversity
• Global Unity vs. Regional Autonomy; Think Globally, Act Locally
MODERN ERA
INTERACTIONS:
WARS & CONFLICT
1750 - 1914
THE FIRST “WORLD” WARS
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1750 - 1765
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War of Austrian Succession and Rise of Prussia
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Colonial Wars
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France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia, Sweden in wars
Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a super power
Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullest
Battles fought around the world
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Colonies changed hands, colonials effected
English, French contest for North America
France lost influence in North America, Caribbean, India
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British navy rules seas unopposed
Acquires former French North American colonies
Acquires preeminent influence in India
Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish Americas
Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers
England emerges as world’s super power
American Revolution 1776 – 1783 and the Wider World Impact
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British colonists revolt, inspired by Enlightenment
American ships ranged seas attacking English
Dutch, French, Spanish support colonial efforts
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Dispatch aid, ships, troops to fight British in colonies, on seas
Spain invades English colonies to support colonists
Russians, Prussian, Swedes pledge an armed neutrality against UK
Treaty of Ghent ends war, gives Americans independence
Canada begins to rise as British loyalists immigrate to area
Led to bankruptcy of France and French Revolution
Great impact, influence on Latin Americans, European reformers
WAR OF
AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
THE FRENCH & NAPOLEON
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An Era of Global Conflict from 1792 to 1814
French Revolution as Interaction
French revolutionary success sparked interest throughout Europe, Americas
Many revolutionary regimes set up by French armies in Italy, Germany
Haiti rebels during French Revolution
Spanish American colonies achieve independence
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Brilliant military leader; upset the Balance of Power
Became general in royal army at 24
Supported the revolution; defended the Directory
His invasion of Egypt was defeated by British army
Overthrew Directory; named himself consul for life
Napoleon's empire
1804, proclaimed himself emperor
Dominated the European continent
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Annexed lands in Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Spain; controlled other thrones
Defeated Austria and Prussia, Occupied Spain and Portugal, allied with Scandinavia
Perennial Enemy: Great Britain who controlled the high seas
Disastrous invasions of Spain, Russia in 1812 destroyed Grand Army
The fall of Napoleon
Forced by coalition of enemies to abdicate in 1814, exiled on Elba
Escaped, returned to France, raised army
Defeated by British in 1815 at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena
Collapse of much of Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French empires
Great Britain became literally the only surviving major colonial power
EUROPE 1812 & 1815
RUSSIAN EXPANSION
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Nineteenth-century Russia
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Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power
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Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Conservatism
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Sought to control all Orthodox, Slavs
Brought Russia into conflict with Ottoman Empire, Austria in Balkans
Also wanted access to Mediterranean Sea
Hoped to seize control of Constantinople
War against the Ottoman Empire
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Numerous wars to acquire Turkish lands in SE Europe, Caucasus
Supported rise of Christian Balkan states under Russian influence
Crimean War 1853 - 1856
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Official government policy to uphold conservatism
Pre-destined Russia to oppose revolution, change everywhere
Rise of Pan-Slavic Nationalism
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Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both Prussia, Austria)
Russia increased presence in Central Europe, Northern Europe
Russia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW Asia
Expands into Central Asia, Pacific
France, Great Britain, Sardinia supported Ottomans
Crushing defeat; forced tsars to modernize army, industry
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
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Russian expansion into China, Korea met Japan
Japanese attack Russia without warning
Defeat two Russian fleets, armies
First defeat of a European by an Asian power
Japan emerges as a world military power
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
THE SICK OLD MAN OF EUROPE
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The issue of Ottoman State called the Eastern Question
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A central concern of European diplomacy from 1800 to 1914
At issue was whether to preserve or partition Ottoman Empire
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Central government
By 1800s, Ottoman Empire a dying state
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Multinational state
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Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, Rumanians, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Armenians
Conflicting traditions demanding autonomy
Nationalism affects some subject peoples
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Horribly corrupt, unable to reform, unviable
Central authority breaks down and provinces begin to rebel, break off
Mehmet Ali of Albania seeks independence
Muhammad Ali of Egypt seeks independence
Greek Rebellion in 1820 achieves independence
Serbs, Bulgars, Rumanians, Albanians follow in late 19th century
Russians, Austrians prey on Ottoman Territory
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Russians constantly looking to take over territory
Austrians, Germans, French, English oppose Russian designs
French, English interested in markets, protecting Suez Canal
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Congress of Berlin 1878
Balkan Wars and the Ottoman Empire
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Territory lost to Austria, Russia
Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Bulgaria declared independent
Westerners intervene to protect Christians, economic interests
Often Russia was the loser and it bred Russian resentment
Balkan Wars led to a Russo-France alliance and the Austro-German alliance
England very troubled by late period German interest in Ottoman Empire
World War I was often called the last of the Balkan Wars
THE
DECLINE
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PARTITION
OF THE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
EGYPT & THE WORLD
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Napoleon’s Invasion of (Egypt) Ottoman Empire
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French Revolution and ideas influence Ottoman Europeans
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Destroyed Mameluk army without serious loss
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Began process to modernize Egyptian army
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Increased production of cash crops for export: cotton, hemp, indigo
Improved harbors, irrigation, increased revenues
Reform frustrated by worried Europeans, traditional Muslims
Europeans destroy navy at Battle of Navarino
Khedives and European Intervention
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Successors to Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt, Sudan until 1956
Egypt: single export crop economy (cotton): vulnerable to fluctuations
Khedives unable to balance expenses, borrowed heavily from Europeans; in debt
The Suez Canal
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Hired European officers, adopted European tactics
Invaded Syria; builds modern fleet to invade Greece, Turkey
Modernizes economy to support military
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Showed the weakness, outdated nature of the Muslim institutions
English halt invasion and restore Turkish control of Egypt
Muhammad Ali emerges as ruler of Egypt after Napoleon
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Napoleon invaded Egypt, made radical changes while in possession
Introduced westernization, nationalism into Egypt
French build canal connecting Mediterranean, Red Sea (1869); controlled Egyptian debt
Canal becomes critical to British empire, route to Asia; purchased Khedive’s stock
British, French intervened militarily in 1882 when Khedive could not pay debts
Khedive calls in British troops to protect him from army revolt
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British intervened, ruled Egypt through puppets, the Khedive
British officers controlled Egypt’s finance, foreign affairs; protect Canal
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
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War not just an American domestic conflict
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France, UK nearly intervened for South
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Poland 1863: Three nations suppressed rebellion
Three nations warned France, UK not to get involved
Russian fleets anchored in Northern ports
US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for support
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Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army
Increased use of railroads as instrument of war
Prussia observed Union military
Had world impact
Reminded French, English that North not South represented democracy
Came at same time as the Russian emancipation of their serfs
Northern industry boomed; after war turned to exporting finished goods
Northern agriculture mechanized to support war; increased productivity, exports
Egypt and India developed
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Union’s Industry and Agriculture productivity increased
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Saw Southern secession as revolt against legitimacy
Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address
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Revolution ousted Santa Anna; Juarez new leader
Mexico owed Europeans money
Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe Doctrine
France set up a puppet regime under Austrian emperor
Austria, Prussia, Russia supported North
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Both dependent on Southern cotton
Both provided aid to Southern blockade runners
France and Mexico 1863 - 1867
Cotton production increased to offset loss of American cotton
UK and France increased interests in Egypt, India
Brazil became last slave holding regime in Americas after 1865
MEXICO IN MODERN ERA:
INSTABILITY AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION
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Mexican Republic under Santa Anna
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Until his death dominated Mexico
Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon
Constantly in debt to foreigners
Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US
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Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas
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Benito Juarez
Mexican American War 1846 – 1848
The French Intervention
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Conservatives turned to French for support
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Liberal Indian President of Mexico
He started a liberal revolt
La Reforma which was powerful
French troops land
French install an Austrian emperor on throne
Backed emperor with French troops, French money
• US demanded French withdrawal in 1867
• Supply insurgents with arms; Juaristas win
Diaz Era Dictatorship to 1910
• Encouraged foreign investors
• Built rails, telegraphs; developed mines, plantations
• Country largely became property of American businesses
• Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors got wealthy
• Average Mexican standard of living declined; Indians exploited
OPIUM WARS
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1795 Maccauley Mission and After
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British send diplomatic, trade delegation to China
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Forced British, Europeans to trade through Canton
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A serious threat to Qing dynasty by 19th century
Cohong system restricted foreign merchants to Canton
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China had much to offer, but little demand for European products
East India Company cultivated opium to trade for Chinese goods
British found that Chinese would trade for opium
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Chinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for silver
Chinese refused to trade for manufactures
Opium trade
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Chinese tell British they are not interested in trade
China made mistake of underestimating Europeans
1810: 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly
By 1839, 40,000 chests traded yearly
Opium draining revenue, destroying economy, society
By 1838, 1% of 400 million Chinese were addicted
The Opium War (1839-1842)
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Commissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop trade
British merchants refused
Lin confiscated, destroyed 20,000 chests of opium
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British retaliated, easily crushed Chinese forces, destroyed Grand Canal
British navy destroyed Chinese navy with steam gunboats
British army invades and emperor sues for peace
2nd Opium war erupts in 1850s which the British won
British begin using Hong Kong and five other ports
British reaction
2nd Opium War in 1860s: France, UK crush China
CHINA:
UNEQUAL TREATIES
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Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from Qing dynasty
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Treaty of Nanjing, 1842
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Called unequal treaties
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Britain gained right to opium trade
Obtained most-favored-nation status
Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain
Made with western countries and Japan
Extraterritoriality
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Foreigners not subject to Chinese laws
Criminal acts tried in Western courts
Chinese crimes against westerners tried in western courts
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Foreigners invest in China, control industry
Ninety ports open to foreign powers
Foreigners issued own stamps, had own post
By 1900, China lost control of economy to foreigners
Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power
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Foreign powers seized Chinese tribute states
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Vietnam (France)
Burma (United Kingdom)
Korea, Taiwan (Japan)
Effective partition of China by 1898
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China carved into spheres of economic influence
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France: Southern China
UK: Canton area, Shantung area, Yangzte River, Tibet
Russia: Manchuria, Sinkjiang
Japan: Amoy area across from Taiwan, Southern Manchuria
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Chinese government ineffective
Foreign merchants, missionaries free to run about country
Foreign legations (embassies) control many cities
Western, Japanese ships sail up, down rivers without interruption
CHINA & CONCESSIONS
MODERN ERA
INTERACTIONS:
IMPERIALISM
1750 - 1914
IMPERIALISM
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Motives of imperialism
Modern imperialism
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Two types of modern colonialism
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Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations
Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions
Cultural justifications of imperialism
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Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia
"Civilizing mission“/"white man's burden“ justified expansion
Tools of empire
Transportation technologies supported imperialism
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Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia
Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial power
Western military technologies increasingly powerful
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Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns
In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in
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Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies
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European merchants made personal fortunes
Expansion to obtain raw materials
Colonies were potential markets for products
Political motives
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Colonies ruled and populated by migrants
Colonies controlled without significant settlement
Economic motives of imperialism
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Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands
Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activities
Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India to weeks
Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900
Difference between colonialism and imperialism
EMPIRE IN ASIA
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The British empire in India
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Company rule under the English East India Company
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British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858
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Introduction of commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium
Built railroads, telegraph lines, canals, harbors, irrigation
Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion
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British viceroy and high-level British civil service ruled India
British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic, foreign policy
Indians held low-level bureaucratic positions
Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
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EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s
Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay
Ruled with small British force, Indian troops called sepoys
Sepoy Rebellion, 1857: attacks on British led to reprisals
Established English-style schools for Indian elites
Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (sati)
Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia
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"Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in central Asia
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Dutch East India Company held tight control of Indonesia (Dutch East India)
British colonies in southeast Asia
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Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880s
Port of Singapore founded 1824; was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s
French Indochina created, 1859-1893
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By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers of British India
Russian and British explorers mapped, scouted, but never colonized Afghanistan
Russian dominance of central Asia lasted until 1991
Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty
French encouraged conversion to Christianity, established western-style schools
Thailand left in place as buffer between Burma and Indochina
IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
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1875 and 1900
European powers seized almost the entire continent
Early explorers charted the waters, gathered information on resources
Missionaries like David Livingstone set up mission posts
Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s
To protect their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882
South Africa
Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in seventeenth century
By 1800 was a European settler colony with enslaved black African population
British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833
British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands
Mid-19TH century, they established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860
Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands; influx of British settlers
Boer War, 1899-1902: British defeated Afrikaners, Union of South Africa
The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited
Occupation, supported by European armies, established colonial rule in Africa
By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled by European powers
Colonial rule challenging and expensive
"Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to private companies
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empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads
made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo
unprofitable, often replaced by more direct rule
Direct rule: replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model
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justified by "civilizing mission"
hard to find enough European personnel
Indirect rule: control over subjects through local institutions--British model
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worked best in African societies that were highly organized
assumed firm tribal boundaries where often none existed
AFRICA 1880 & 1914
EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC
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Australia and New Zealand
Both became settler colonies in the Pacific
1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it suitable for settlement
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Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted European settlers
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Europeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populations
European flora and fauna replaced most native species
Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal lands
Pacific Islands
Spain and the Pacific
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Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19th century (Philippines, Micronesia)
Spanish yearly shipments of silver from Mexico to China ended in 1812
Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century
Early American visitors to the Pacific
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American Whalers throughout region after American revolution
American merchants on way to China began in 19th century
California Gold Rush open Pacific coast to immigrants from Europe, China
US challenged rule in 1854 when Commodore Perry forced Japan to open ports
Some missionaries active especially in Hawaii and on way to China
Late nineteenth century,
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1788, one thousand settlers established colony of New South Wales
Became a penal colony after loss of Georgia in American Revolution
1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration to Australia
European states sought coaling stations and naval ports
1867: USA acquires Alaska, Wake Island
1898: USA acquires Hawaii, Philippines, Guam
1899: German buys remaining Spanish islands
By 1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States.
Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano
EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC
U.S. IMPERIALISM
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Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism
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Americans push west after American revolution
Drove Indians from land
US purchases Louisiana from France
Opened up West to settlement
Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent
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1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe
Opposed European imperialism in the Americas
Justified American interventions in late 19th, 20th century
Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867
United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867
Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898
Tended to leave area open only for American investments, loans
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US annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico
US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory
Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great Basin follows
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Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867
Economic interests in Hawaii lead to revolution, annexation in 1898
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US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines
US and Philippines
The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America
The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848
1867 – 1898
The Spanish-American War (1898-99)
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Backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony
1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory
The Panama Canal, 1903-1914
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Colombian government refused U.S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus
US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal
Completed in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific
MANIFEST DESTINY
What one painting can tell us
MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
IMPERIAL JAPAN
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Japan and the West
1854: US Commodore Perry forces Japan out of isolation
Japanese resented unequal treaties of 1860s
Borrowed western knowledge
Resolved to become imperial power
Early Japanese expansion in nearby islands
1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands
By 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands
Meiji Government
Prussia trained Japanese army, Britain trained Japanese navy
Bought British warships, built up navy, began building own ships
Established military academies
1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint
Made plans to invade China
The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority
Meiji leaders declared war against China, demolished Chinese fleet
China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores, Liaodong peninsula
Japan helps suppress Boxer Rebellion, creates own zones in China
The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
Russia had territorial ambitions in Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria
Japanese navy destroyed local Russian forces
Reinforcements from Baltic sunk at Battle of Tushima
Japan now a major imperial power
Made an alliance with Great Britain
1910: Annexes Korea
JAPANESE EMPIRE
MODERN ERA
INTERACTIONS:
RISE OF
INTERNATIONAL
DIPLOMACY
1750 - 1914
DIPLOMACY: BALANCE OF
POWER & HEGEMONY
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Century: Era of Western hegemony in all areas
Balance of Power dominates century
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After Napoleon, great powers kept peace
Intervened in European affairs to maintain balance
Goals and Policies
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No one power should dominate
No nation should be eliminated
No permanent ideologies threaten peace
Brokered conferences to decide touchy issues
International Organizations
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Non-governmental Organizations new in history
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Red Cross
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Established at end of Crimean War
Provide health care, relief following catastrophes
Olympics
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Try to promote international accord
Establish cooperation
Resurrected in 1896
Healthy competition
International Laws
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Diplomacy reaches highest level during period
Rules of Peace and War
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Hague Conferences and Conventions
Agreements create standards, rules of war, peace
Neutrality was a key concept
Civilians were not to be touched
PRE-WAR ALLIANCES
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Rival systems of alliance
Germany forms alliances
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France and Russia
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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France, Russia
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Common enemy: Germany, common war plans
Worked together diplomatically
Why the United Kingdom joined
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Ottoman Empire: German railroads, reforms of military
Bulgaria and Rumania fearful of Russia and Serbia
The Double and Later Triple Entente
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Germany, Austria allied 1879
Italy joined in 1882 (Triple Alliance)
Others Allied States
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Found themselves isolated, fearful of Germany
Formed Double Entente to end their isolation
The Triple Alliance
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Bismarck attempts to isolate France
Until 1890, Germany had alliances with all except France
Obligated allies to come to one another's defense
Due to rivalry with Germany over colonies and German construction of a navy
After German pre-war diplomacy seemed to lead to war
Shifting series of treaties ended with a military pact, 1914
Japan had a separate alliance with Great Britain for Asia Pacific
War plans: each power poised and prepared for war
Military leaders devised inflexible military plans and timetables
France's Plan XVII focused on offensive maneuvers and attacks
Germany's Schlieffen plan: swift attack on France, defend against Russia
ALLIANCES
c. 1914
MODERN ERA
INTERACTIONS:
TRADE AND COMMERCE
1750 - 1914
COMMERCIAL IDEOLOGIES IN 1750
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Mercantilism
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Limited amount of wealth in the world
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If one nation benefited, another suffered
Goal is to maximize nation’s portion of trade
Goal is to exclude competition from markets and monopolize wealth
Governments pass legislation to support domestic commerce
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Trade incentives for local producers
Establish barriers to outside trade
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Governments support colonization, imperialism
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Colonization: find homes for excess population
Imperialism provides markets, resources for domestic industry
Foreign possessions bring glory, wealth to the nation
Almost every nation in the world subscribes to this theory
Free Trade
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Tariffs, excise taxes
Quotas, restrictions on imports
Infant industries support
Wealth is not finite but can be created
To maximize wealth, allow people, industry to compete freely
Governments exist to protect competition, not guarantee success
UK, US (American colonies), Dutch are free traders
Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nation
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Intellectual father of capitalism, free trade; ideas came to dominate US, Great Britain
By 1914
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UK was 1st in world, US was 3rd
English, American companies dominated world trade, finance, industry, capital
Even Germany, 2nd practiced the doctrine often
ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1750
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Domestic Trade
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Most commerce is internal, most markets are autarkic: self-sufficient
Great wealth is generated in trade but not as much as domestic production
Most workers, farmers generate wealth only sufficient for self consumption
International Trade
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Conditions of Trade
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Mercantilism predominates
International trade tends to be limited to cash crops, finished luxuries
Western Europe dominates most trade
Only Eastern Asia has the ability to rival, challenge Western Europe
Trade Markets
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Western European exports and imports
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Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, SW Asia
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Imports: finished products, finished luxuries
Exports: minerals, primary products, cash crops
Eastern Asia
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Imports: finished products, finished luxuries
Exports: minerals, primary products, grains
Americas including Caribbean, South Asia
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Exports: finished products, finished luxuries
Imports: raw materials, minerals, primary crop luxuries
Exports: finished products, finished luxuries, cloths, silks
Imports: minerals (silver), luxuries, luxury food
Note: most economies limit European influence, contacts
Africa
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Imports: finished products, finished luxuries, cash crops
Exports: slaves, ivory, gold, cloves
ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1914
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Saw the rise of international trade
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Trade involved all types of products, goods for first time
Entire world involved: all continents, peoples effected
Some nations traded to exist: made their wealth off of trade
Very few nations produced finished goods for international market (core)
Most nations supplied world markets with raw materials (periphery)
Nations had begun to specialize in trade (we cannot produce everything)
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Most items traded were finished goods, industrial products
Wealthy nations tended to trade with each other
Western Colonies, Latin America, all of Asia except Japan
Terms of Trade
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Nations began negotiating trade agreements
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Only accounted for a small part of trade
Generally exported primary products, imported finished products
The US and later UK came to favor open markets (markets open to all)
Most favored nation status was goal: partners traded as equals
Rise of international capital markets
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Domestic profit needed to be invested, sometimes best opportunities abroad
Money invested abroad to reap benefits at home
Rise of international banks, investment opportunities
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Corporations had branches, outlets in other nations
Facilitated the transfer of technology, ideas, people between continents
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Linked the world better than most ideologies
Was an instrument of revolutionary change to traditional societies
Was a threat to traditional societies
Rise of Multinational Corporations
International Economic Exchanges
Rise of international communism, socialism as reactions to international wealth