Transcript File - Mrs. Toxqui

The Great
War
Unit 6:
World War I and Beyond
From neutrality to
war
I. Causes of WWI
M.A.I.N. long-term Causes:
M.
Militarism
A.
Alliances
I.
Imperialism
N.
Nationalism
I. Causes of WWI
• A. Nationalism and Competition Heighten
Tension
Intense nationalism and international rivalries
Ex) France wanting Alsace-Lorraine back
Destabilized old multinational empires
Ex) Serbs in Austria-Hungary Empire
Imperialism and Economic Competition
•
I.
Causes
of
WWI
B. Militarism Produces an Arms Race
Germany & Britain competed at sea
Germany, France, & Russia competed on
land
More technologically advanced weapons
I. Causes of WWI
• C. Alliances Make Nations Overconfident
and Reckless
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy
Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Great
Britain
I. Causes of WWI
•D. Assassination Hurtles Europe Toward World War
SHORT TERM CAUSE: June 28, 1914: Serbian
Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, in
Sarajevo
II. The Fighting Begins
•
A. Alliances Cause a Chain Reaction
In less than a week, Central Powers of Germany
and Austria-Hungary (later joined by the Ottoman
Empire) were at war against the Allied Powers of
Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia.
II. The Fighting Begins
• B. Deadly Technology Leads to Stalemate
Western Front in France was a critical
battlefield
Defensive weapons were better and more
devastating than offensive ones = deadly
stalemate
II. The Fighting Begins
• C. The Reality of Trench Warfare
Millions of casualties on both sides even
when stalemate continued
III. Wilson Urges neutrality
• A. Americans Have
Divided Loyalties
1/3 of Americans in 1914
were foreign-born
Most Americans sided
w/Britain and France
III. Wilson Urges neutrality
• B. American Opinion Crystallizes
Isolationists: stay out of war
Interventionists: join the Allies
Internationalists: work toward peace w/o
joining war
IV. neutrality Gives Way to
War
• A. Britain Blockades Germany
Britain prevented Germany from getting
contraband (war supplies) and
noncontraband (food, gasoline, medical
supplies) to its people
IV. neutrality Gives Way to
War
• B. German Submarines Violate Neutral
Rights
1915: Germans sank Allied ships using its
U-boats (submarines)
Sunk unarmed passenger ship Lusitania
IV. neutrality Gives Way to
War
• C. Wilson Prepares for War
National Defense Act expanded army
Naval Construction Act built more warships
Wilson reelected in 1916: “He kept us out of
war”
IV. neutrality Gives Way to
War
• D. America Enters the War
Zimmerman Note: Germany proposed an
alliance with Mexico against the U.S.
April 6, 1917: Congress declared war on
Germany
The Home Front
I. America Mobilizes for
War
• A. Building an Army
Selective Service Act
authorized military draft
2.8 million drafted
4.8 million Americans fought
•
I. America Mobilizes for
War
B. Constructing a War
Economy
War Industries Board
under Bernard Baruch
regulated industries
Food Administration
under Herbert Hoover
regulated food and
agriculture
I. America Mobilizes for
War
• C. Shaping Public Opinion
Committee of Public Opinion
(CPI) under George Creel used
advertisements to show the
public that the war was justified
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• A. Resistance to Draft
Some refused to
cooperate w/Selective
Service or became
conscientious
objectors, whose
moral/religious beliefs
forbid them from
fighting
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• B. Women Work for Peace
Some women’s groups opposed the war
while others supported it
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• C. The Government Cracks Down on
Dissent
Espionage Act 1917: Severe penalties were given
to people engaged in disloyal or treasonous acts
Sedition Act 1918: Banned speaking badly about
the American gov’t or military
Eugene V. Debs ran for president in 1920
while in prison for breaking this law
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• D. Prejudice Against
German Americans
German people and gov’t
were condemned by the
media and CPI
propaganda
German Americans were
harassed and beaten (a
few were killed)
III. War Changes
American SOciety
• A. Women Embrace New Opportunities
Army Corps of Nurses (1918)
Women proved worthy in the workplace -->
19th Amendment (suffrage)
III. War Changes
American SOciety
• B. African Americans Follow Opportunity
North
Great Migration: 1.2 million African
Americans moved to the North from 19101920
III. War Changes
American SOciety
• C. Mexican Americans Move North
Mexicans immigrated to the American West
Seasonal migration
Barrios in Los Angeles and CA’s Imperial
Valley
Wilson, War, and
Peace
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• A. Allied Convoys Protect Shipping
Allies used convoys, groups of merchant
ships protected by warships
Made German U-boats unsuccessful
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• B. The Allies Struggle
Russia dropped out of
the war after Russian
Revolution led by
Vladimir Lenin in 1917
Germans sent more
troops to Western Front
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• C. American Troops Join the Fight
Troops led by General John J. Pershing
joined in Europe in June 1917
•
I. America Gives Allies
the
edge
D. American
Troops
Distinguish
Themselves
Notable
Americans: Alvin
York, African
American 369th
Infantry
Regiment, etc.
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• E. The War Ends
November 11, 1918: Germany surrenders
to the Allies in a railway car in Compiegne,
France
5 million Allied and 8 million Central Power
troops were dead
II. Wilson Promotes peace
without victory
• A. Peace Without Victory
Wilson’s Fourteen Points stated he wanted
a “peace without victory”
II. Wilson Promotes peace
without victory
• B. Fourteen Points and League of Nations
Fourteen Points promoted openness,
independence, freedom, & self-determination
League of Nations would secure mutual
guarantees of political independence and
territorial integrity
II. Wilson Promotes peace
without victory
• C. Peace Conference at Versailles
Wilson represented the U.S. at the 1919
peace conference and didn’t invite any
Republicans, like foreign policy expert
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republicans had recently gained control of
the Congress
III. Wilson at the paris peace
conference
• A. Allied Leaders Reject
Wilson’s Ideas
British Prime Minister David
Lloyd-George and French
Premier Georges Clemenceau
wanted “victory”
Clemenceau wanted Germany
to pay reparations and
wanted Alsace-Lorraine back
III. Wilson at the paris peace
conference
• B. Allies Create a League of Nations
League of Nations, a world organization
where countries could gather and
peacefully resolve their quarrels, was added
to the Treaty of Versailles
III. Wilson at the paris peace
conference
• C. Problems With Peace
National self-determination was often
violated by the new map created at the
conference
iv. america rejects the treaty
• A. Wilson Faces Troubles at Home
Irreconcilables (isolationists) in the Senate
opposed the treaty with a League of Nations
Reservationists led by Henry Cabot Lodge
wanted changes to the treaty
Wilson fought for the League of Nations even
as he was growing very ill and had a stroke
iv. america rejects the treaty
• B. The Senate Rejects the Versailles Treaty
Irreconcilables and reservationists won
Without full American support, the League
of Nations wasn’t able to maintain peace
Effects of the War
I. America adjusts to
peace
• A. Flu Epidemic Grips the Nation
Great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919
killed millions worldwide
•
I. America adjusts to
peace
B. Women and African Americans Confront New
Realities
By 1920: fewer women in workforce and African
Americans had to compete with returning soldiers for
jobs and housing
I. America adjusts to
peace
• C. Inflation Leads to Labor Unrest
Industrial workers’ wages couldn’t buy as
much after the war due to inflation
Fought for higher wages and shorter
workdays
Ii. The red scare
• A. Fear of Communism Starts the Red Scare
Red Scare: widespread fear of suspected
communists “plotting a revolution” in U.S.
Palmer Raids 1919-1920: police arrested
radicals and Southern or Eastern European
immigrants
Ii. The red scare
• B. Sacco and Vanzetti Are Executed
Italian immigrants and anarchists Sacco
and Vanzetti were executed in the electric
chair after being convicted of killing two
men
III. Americans Embrace
Normalcy
• A. “Return to Normalcy”
Republican Warren G. Harding became
President in 1920
Called for a “return to normalcy” (simpler
times before Wilson became President)
III. Americans Embrace
Normalcy
• B. A Quiet American Giant
U.S. was a creditor nation
Countries owed the U.S. money
Economic center of the world shifted from
London to New York City
III. Americans Embrace
Normalcy
• C. The World Adjusts to a New Order
German and Russian monarchies fell
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
ended
Britain and France hurt economically and
politically