Transcript Fourteen Points

THURSDAY, APRIL 25, 2013
• Homework:
• Page 711 # 1ab
• Do Now:
• Key terms page 706
THE ROAD TO WAR
• By 1914, tensions in Europe had gotten so bad,
there was no other answer than WAR
• There were many causes leading up to the war
– Imperialism: European nations competed for trade and
territory in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
• France and England distrustfully watched as Germany expanded
– Imperialism led into militarism
• Glorification of the military
• Military leaders gained great influence in Europe
CAUSES CONTINUED
– Nationalism, a sense of pride in one’s nation or ethnic
group, helped to boost tensions even more
• In the Balkan region, they desperately wanted to break free
from Austria-Hungary control
• Many compared the Balkans to a “powder keg” – the tiniest
spark and a major war could erupt
– As tensions continued to grow, alliances were formed
• Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary
• France, Britain and Russia pledged loyalty to one another
• Now, one attack would involve many different nations
WAR BEGINS
• June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo – Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(heir to the Austria-Hungary throne) is assassinated
by a Serbian nationalist
• The alliance system brought country after country
into war
–Allies vs. Central Powers
–Allies: led by Russia, Britain, and France
–Central powers: led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire
MORE THAN 20 COUNTRIES ARE NOW BECOMING
INVOLVED IN THE WAR
THE WESTERN FRONT
• Both sides hoped for a quick victory – This was
not the case
• German troops were advancing into Paris, but
were halted by French and British troops in the
Battle of the Marne
• Fighting soon settled into a stalemate (deadlock)
which dragged on for 3 years
THE WESTERN FRONT
• Trench warfare became popular, which did not
help the stalemate
– Soldiers fire at one another from opposing sides of
dugout trenches
– Between the lines was an unoccupied territory
called “no man’s land”
– After a few days of firing, orders would be given to
charge the other side, which meant going through
no man’s land
FRIDAY, APRIL 26, 2013
• Homework:
• Page 711 2 & 3, key terms and people page 712
• Do Now:
• Have last night’s homework out (page 711 1ab)
• Explain what sparked World War I fighting and
explain the purpose of trench warfare
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
• Airplanes were being used for scouting and support
for ground troops
• Armored tanks appeared
• Rapid fire machine guns and heavy artillery are being
used
• Poison gas was a new weapon for this war – causing
blinding, choking, or blistering (after the war, nations
had agreed to ban these chemicals)
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
• President Wilson tried to keep the US out of war by
issuing a proclamation of “strict and impartial
neutrality”
• Ethnic loyalties still formed:
– German Americans favored Central Powers and Irish
Americans as well due to long hatred of England
– Other Americans favored the Allies because Britain and
the US shared a common language and history
– Britain used propaganda to get support – most focused on
Germany’s brutal treatment
TAKING SIDES
• Legally, American companies could sell to both
sides, however most made ties with the Allies
– American banks made large loans to the Allies
– American trade was mainly with the Allies
– A British blockade did not help – they blocked off the
German ports
• Although Wilson objected, he came to an agreement with
Britain – they had to buy more cotton to make up for the
losses from German weapons
THE LUSITANIA
• February 1915: Germany began using U-boats
because they did not have enough vessels to
form a blockade around France and Britain
• May 17, 1915: a U-boat sank a British passenger
liner
– 1,200 people are killed including 128 Americans
– Wilson protested heavily and Germany agreed U-
boats would no longer target passenger liners
NOVEMBER 1916: WILSON IS REELECTED
• His slogan that helped him “He kept us out of war”
• Wilson pushed for a peaceful end to this war, but
Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine
warfare which cut off American supplies to the British
• In response, Wilson cut off diplomatic ties to Germany
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
• A telegram to Mexico asking them to join in the war
from Germany was intercepted by British forces
• Germany would help “reconquer” New Mexico,
Arizona, and Texas
• The telegram was released to the press on March 1 –
anger exploded in America
• Not only were the Germans now messing with the
US secretly, but they had also sank 3 American
merchant ships
MONDAY, APRIL 29, 2013
• Please have your homework out
• Page 711 questions
• Page 712 key terms
DECLARING WAR
• In Russia, Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown
• This made it easier for Americans to side with
the Allies because they would not be supporting
a tyrant
• April 2, Wilson asks Congress to declare war
against the Central Powers giving reasons such
as democracy
• Congress approved wholeheartedly
SUPPORTING THE WAR EFFORT
• The US has a strong navy, but not a large army so we
must mobilize, or prepare for war, quickly
• Young men were eager to volunteer for war effort
• Volunteers alone would not be enough
• Wilson calls for a draft and Congress passes the
Selective Service Act :
– All men between age 21-30 must register for the military
– By the end of war, almost 4 million had served
WOMEN
• Women were not involved in the draft
• Women served in the US Army and Navy nurse
corps
• Some performed clerical work such as filing,
sending or receiving telegraphs as part of the US
military
This is the first time in American history women
held official military rank
SOME WOMEN OPPOSED WAR...SOME
HOPED IT WOULD HELP
• Jane Addams founded the Women's Peace
Party
• The first woman to be part of Congress,
Jeannette Rankin, voted against Wilson's war
resolution
• Carrie Chapman Catt encouraged others to
support the war effort - she felt it may help
speed up the right to vote for women
A Diverse Makeup
• America was and still is a very diverse nation
• Many who fought in war were born in native lands or
children of immigrants
• Philippines, Mexico, or Italy
• Native Americans were not required for the draft,
however many volunteered
• African Americans supported the war effort, but they
were only allowed to fight in all black units
The military becomes an educator
• 1 of every 4 draftees were illiterate:
• They could not write letters home or read
newspapers
• They were not used to eating daily meals or
taking bathing regularly
• Some didn't even use indoor plumbing
• The army taught millions how to fight, read, follow
nutrition and personal hygiene as well as
patriotism
TUESDAY, APRIL 30, 2013
Please continue the timeline chart
from yesterday
Managing the War Effort
• Managing Food Supplies:
– Herbert Hoover becomes the head of the
Food Administration
– His job was to secure adequate food
supplies for both civilians and troops
– "Wheatless Mondays, Meatless
Tuesdays"
– "Victory Gardens"
Managing the War Effort
• Producing for War:
– Demands on American industries were growing
– The War Industries Board was set up: at first
they had very limited power but soon they could
tell industries what to produce, how many, how
much to charge, and what to conserve in other
areas of production
Managing the War Effort
• War means there is a labor Shortage!
– Immigration slowed and men were leaving
the workforce to fight in the military
– Business owners turned to 2 main sources
– women
– African Americans
Shaping Public Opinion
• Focus on Patriotism
– Committee of Public Information
– the committee recruited 75,000 "Fourminute men" to deliver brief patriotic
speeches
– enlisted artists to make pro-war
cartoons and posters
Shaping Public Opinion
• Suppressing criticism:
– Under the Espionage Act of 1917 and the
Sedition Acts of 1918 authorities closed
newspapers and jailed anti-war individuals
– War fever collided with personal feelings and
the idea of spying on your neighbors became
popular
– 200,000 people formed the American
Protective League,
– they opened mail, tapped phones, and
pried into medical records
Shaping Public Opinion
• Anti-German Hysteria:
– Citizens shunned, harassed and assaulted
German Americans
– Some German Americans were even tarred
and feathered
– People even changed commonly used
German words
• Sauerkraut became liberty cabbage
•
http://military.discovery.com/battles-history/videos/world-war-1-videos.htm
PEACE PLAN
• Even before the war had ended, President Wilson presented
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his peace plan
This plan was known as the Fourteen Points
The first 5 points dealt with some of the causes of the war
Eliminate secret agreements
Freedom of seas and trade among nations
He asked for smaller armies
PEACE PLAN
• The next 8 points dealt with territorial issues created by
the war including self-determination
• The last point was a call for an international peacekeeping
body
DECIDING ON THE FOURTEEN POINTS
•January 1919 President Wilson went to
Paris and was greeted by cheering crowds
•The people in France liked his Fourteen
Points
•However, the rest of the Big Four had
already made secret agreements to split up
the territories of the Central Powers
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
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The final peace agreement
This forced Germany to take full responsibility for the
war and pay reparations to cover war damages
Wilson did not agree, but went along with it in order
to get his peacekeeping body
In the Treaty of Versailles, an organization like the one
Wilson had hoped for was included
It was called the League of Nations
OTHER TREATIES
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Other treaties led Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
becoming separate states
The Balkan people formed Yugoslavia
Poland became independent
Britain and France divided Germany’s African colonies
The Ottoman Empire became the new republic of Turkey
TUESDAY, MAY 7, 2013
NEWSPAPER DUE TOMORROW!
Do Now:
Name the “Big Four” and the nations they
represent
BATTLE OVER THE LEAGUE
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The US Senate strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles
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The opposition was led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge who
felt that the League of Nations would limit America’s ability to
act towards its own interests
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He asked for changes, but Wilson refused
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Wilson tried to rally support for the League, however he
suffered a massive stroke in October
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The Senate voted against the Treaty of Versailles which crippled
the idea of the League of Nations with a peacekeeping power
POST WAR TROUBLES
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This was a troubling time for the US. It was hard
to adjust to peace
Influenza Epidemic: this killed more people than
the war
Soldiers returning home from war could not find
work
Union workers went on strike demanding higher
wages
RED SCARE
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Many thought that the Communists or “Reds”
were to blame for the labor troubles
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered
immigrants be deported (return to their home
land) when suspected of radical views
Eventually, the public turned against Palmer’s
tactics and the panic soon ended