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Great Britain means the countries of England,
Wales and Scotland considered as a unit.
England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland
are sometimes referred to as the constituent
countries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland. Alternatively, they are
referred to as the countries of the United
Kingdom.
Great Britain is often used to mean United Kingdom. Usually
this is simply sloppy language, but it is sometimes used as an
official shortening of United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland. For example, at the Olympic Games, the
team officially called "Great Britain" represents the political
entity the United Kingdom, which includes Northern Ireland.
The "Ireland" Olympic team represents the whole island of
Ireland, a geographical entity. Athletes from Northern Ireland
have the choice of participating in either the "Great Britain"
team or the "Ireland" team.
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA was a conference of ambassadors held in Vienna from 1814 to 1815. Its goal
was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and
the termination of the Holy Roman Empire and it wanted to establish balance of east/west power and
legitimacy. Although representatives of all the states were invited, principal negotiations were made
by “The Big Four” (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, later to include France.)
United Kingdom was represented firstly by its
Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh; then
by the Duke of Wellington, after Castlereagh's
return to England in February 1815; and in
the last weeks, by the Earl of Clancarty, after
Wellington left to face Napoleon during the
Hundred Days. The Congress’s “Final Act”
was signed nine days before the defeat of
Napoleon at Waterloo on June 18, 1815 by
Wellington, hence removing French
aspirations to rule the world.
The Final Act for Britain… condemned the slave trade, ensured freedom of navigation for many
rivers, and confirmed the United Kingdom in control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa, along with
many other colonies in Africa and Asia. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, Britain
enjoyed a century of effectively unchallenged dominance, and expanded its imperial holdings across
the globe. Increasing degrees of autonomy were also granted to its white settler colonies.
“The sun never sets on the British Empire” because at the peak of its power, its span across the globe
ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories. The British
Empire, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom comprised the
dominions, colonies, protectorates, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts
established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
The growth of Germany and the
United States eroded Britain's
economic lead by the end of the 19th
century. Subsequent military and
economic tensions between Britain
and Germany were major causes of
the First World War, for which Britain
leaned heavily upon its Empire.
The conflict placed enormous financial strain on Britain,
and although the Empire achieved its largest territorial
extent immediately after the war, it was no longer a
peerless industrial or military power.
KEATS, SHELLY, AND BYRON
FARADAY AND DAVY IN ELECTRICITY, AND STEPHENSON (STEAM TRAIN)
CONSTABLE AND TURNER
DICKENS AND THE BRONTE SISTERS
-AUG. 1ST, 1714 – Anne Boleyn dies and George I accedes to the throne
-JAN. 11, 1727 – George I dies and is succeeded by the second
Hanoverian king, George II
-OCT. 25, 1760 – George III succeeds his grandfather, George II
-JAN. 29, 1820 – George IV succeeds his father, George III
-JUNE 26, 1830 – George IV dies and is succeeded by his brother
William IV
-JUNE 20, 1837 – Queen Victoria comes to the throne after the death of
William IV (becomes Empress of India, 1876)
-JAN. 22, 1901 – Queen Victoria dies and is succeeded by Edward VII
-MAY 6, 1910 – Edward VII dies and is succeeded by George V
-JAN. 20, 1936 – George V dies and is succeeded by Edward VIII
(December 10, 1936, Edward VIII abdicates, relinquishes power, in
order to marry Wallace Simpson (Duchess Of Windsor))
-MAY 12, 1937 – George VI is crowned
- FEB 2, 1952 – Elizabeth II succeeds her father, George VI
POLITICAL PARTIES:
THE LABOUR PARTY: founded in 1900, UK political party based on socialist principles,
originally formed to represent workers, current leader: Gordon Brown MP.
‘THE WHIGS’: 1678 – 1868, are often described as one of the two original political parties
(the other being the Tories) in England, The Whigs were originally also known as the
"Country Party" (as opposed to the Tories, the "Court Party"), they were succeeded by the
Liberal Party.
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THE LIBERAL PARTY: 1859 – 1988, one of the two major British political parties from the mid story/int
19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s, and a third party of varying
eractive
strength and importance up to 1988, when it merged with the Social Democratic Party (the /timelin
SDP) to form a new party which would become known as the Liberal Democrats.
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THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY: FOUNDED 1678/1912, descended from the old Tory Party, founded rs_pol/i
in 1678, and is still often referred to as the Tory Party and its politicians, members and
ndex_e
supporters as Tories.
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- 1832 REFORM ACT… gave the right to vote to the middle class.
-1867 REFORM ACT… gave the right to vote to every male adult house holder in the towns. Male
lodgers who paid £10 were also given the right to vote. Over 1.5 million men were given the right to
vote because of this act. It also gave the right to the working class in the towns to vote, as well as
several industrialized towns an MP.
-1872 SECRET BALLOT ACT… reduced the power of the Landlords in determining the outcome of
elections by making voting secret.
-1884 REFORM ACT… gave poor farmers and laborers the right to vote. The principle came in to effect
“one man, one vote” for males over 25.
In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst and her two daughters (the
Suffragettes) demanded the right for women to vote. The
campaigned energetically and violently until the start of World War
I. They were put in prison, where they went on hunger strikes, but
the government force fed them. With all the men fighting in the war,
many female workers were employed and because of this, at the end
of the war, a bill was passed for women over 30 years old to vote.
1870- Education Act (set up school districts; local ratepayers were asked to build
a primary school in an area where one did not already exist.)
1872- the Public Health Act (set up Health Authorities throughout England but
was seriously hampered by a lack of money.)
1875- Artisans’ Dwelling Act (allowed for a large clearance of slums in England.)
1875- Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act (skilled workers had grown in
strength throughout the 19th century and were made legal in 1871 and given the
right to strike. In 1875 they were permitted to peacefully picket their place of
work when on strike.)
1906- Trade Disputes Act (The Liberal government (1906) brought in the Trade
Disputes Act which declared that unions could not be sued for damages incurred
during a strike.)
The British have a very strong history with their military. They had and continue to have the best
naval army in the world. They also had a strong land force that has been successful in both of the
World Wars, as well as fighting in wars over in North America against the French for territory.
Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little action because most countries were afraid to attack
England due to it’s advanced militarism.
This was also the time when
England was undergoing an
Industrial Revolution, leading
them to build a continuous
amount of new ships. With all of
the new ships, they had a bigger
fleet than their two biggest
competitors combined, known as
a two power standard. By the end
of the 19th century, the HMS
Dreadnought was developed and
was the first all-big-gun ship of its
time. It also later proved to be
one of the most influential ships
in naval history. It rendered all
previous ships obsolete.
By the end of the 19th century, the industrial and economic
development in Germany overtook Britain and was able to
compete in warship building, resulting in a race to build the
best fleet. England was triumphant because of the sheer
number of ships they had already acquired, but for the first
time since the beginning of the 1800’s, England was finally
challenged in their Navy force.
Reasons for the spark of Industrialization in Britain:
1. England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century:
an agricultural revolution, cottage industry, and an expanded commercial revolution. These
developments had built surplus capital and an infrastructure
(shipping, banking, insurance, joint stock companies).
2. England already had a handcraft textile industry using wool, but with the availability of
cotton from overseas markets as an alternative raw material.
3. The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to
industry.
4. A spreading shortage of wood (used for energy, for shipbuilding and
construction) stimulated a search for alternatives.
5. England was rich in supplies of coal for energy and iron for construction.
6. England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural
harbours which provided easy transportation by water to many areas.
7. England's population grew rapidly in the 18th century, providing a labour force for industry.
Who Wants to Be a Cotton Millionaire?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_gms_cotton_millionaire.shtml
- In the beginning of the nineteenth century London was the largest city in
Europe
- London continued to grow at a phenomenal rate: in geographical size, in
the numbers of souls it contained, and in its economic prosperity.
- Through all its wealth and brightly lit palaces, there remained districts of
extreme poverty and squalor.
- This was all happening while its economic institutions and trading
infrastructure grew ever more sophisticated.
- Europe's "great men" plotted grand schemes to pursue their political and
intellectual ambitions during the crisis of the Old Regime, French Revolution, and
Napoleonic wars, while British inventors designed machines whose impact would
dwarf their efforts.
- This started one of the first forms of industrialization; the textile industry
- They developed new forms of energy to power machinery They began what has
been called by some the Industrial Revolution.
Muck and Brass
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_gms_muck_brass.shtml
Main Goals of British Foreign Policy:
1. To maintain the balance of power in Europe and to prevent one country or group of
countries becoming too powerful. Traditionally France was seen as the main threat in this
regard e.g. Napoleon.
2. To protect its naval superiority over any other European country. The British army was
small and her power rested on the strength of her navy that was the largest in the world. It
was this determination that led to a serious breakdown of relations with Germany as she
built up her navy to rival the British one.
3. To protect and expand her colonial Empire. France was traditionally her rival.
4. To defend the sea routes to India (Suez canal and South Africa) and to prevent landward
encroachment towards the subcontinent by Russia.
3. To prevent Turkey from collapsing and Russia expanding her influence in the Balkans at
Turkey’s expense.
During the 1880s and 1890s Britain had pursued a policy of avoiding alliances that involved any
sort of military commitments. This policy was known as “Splendid Isolation” and it was most
associated with the figure of Lord Salisbury, prime-minister for most of this period.
In 1902 she formed an alliance with Japan mainly directed against Russia. In 1904 she settled her
colonial differences with France and the Entente Cordiale was formed. Partly as a result of French
encouragement she did the same with Russia in 1907. This alliance between the three nations became
known as the Triple Entente.
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