Transcript Name Michelangelo`s most famous painting & sculpture.

Name Michelangelo’s most
famous painting & sculpture.
• Sistene Chapel
• David
What period did Rafael belong
to?
• High Renaissance
Name two characteristics of the
nation state.
• Taxes
• Standing army
• Bureaucracy
• Support of townspeople
Who was the father of
Humanism?
• Petrarch
What political structure did the
strong nation state replace?
• Feudal monarchy
What Treaty kept the City-States
unified against outside threat?
• Treaty of Lodi
Which emperor united the
Spanish and Austrian sides of the
Habsburg empire?
• Charles V
What were the three main
characteristics of the Spanish
Empire in America?
• Roman Cath.
• Social hierarchy
• Econ. Dependence
Who was the most popular
classical figure during the
Renaissance?
• Plato
Who hoped that a strong Italian
ruler would come from the
Medicis?
• Machiavelli
What was Castiglione’s main
emphasis?
• Proper behavior for every situation
Name the three main components
of the colonial economy in Latin
America.
• Mining
• Shipping
• Farming
What was Erasmus’ philosophy a
combination of?
• Christian and classical beliefs
Who conquered the Incas? The
Aztecs?
• Pizarro
• Cortes
Name three countries where
strong nation-states developed.
• Spain
• France
• England
Name two key places where they
did not.
• Italy
• HRE
What alliance was formed to
remove the French from Italy?
• League of Venice
Name the Popes of this era that
were more political than spiritual.
• Julius II
• Alexander VI
Name the work and author that
describe an ideal society that will
never exist.
• Utopia, Thomas More
The Age of Exploration was
driven by desire for what two
things?
• Spices
• Precious metals
What work and author focused on
man’s ability to determine his
destiny?
• Oration on the Dignity of Man,
Pico Della Mirandola
What two noble houses fought in
the War of the Roses?
• Lancasters
• Yorks
What English dynasty emerges
from the War of the Roses?
• Tudor (starting with Henry VII)
Why is Machiavelli’s emphasis
on virtu so humanist?
• Strong individual
• Classical source (Rome)
Who was the Renaissance Man?
• Leonardo da Vinci
How did Renaissance Art differ
from art from the Middle Ages?
• Realism
• Accurate anatomy
• Secular patronage
What economic developments
allowed for secular patronage of
the arts?
• Increased trade
• Banking
What major war of the Middle
Ages helped unify France &
England individually by pitting
them against each other?
• 100 Years War
Identify the two major northern
humanists.
• More
• Erasmus
How was the subject matter of
the Northern Ren. a departure
from the High Ren?
• Gothic
• Supernatural
What issue caused a split
between Thomas More & Henry
VIII?
• Henry’s desire for a divorce
Who did Alexander VI try to
install as ruler of Romagna?
• Cesare Borgia, his son
Who was the first to “invite the
French over the Alps” and break
the Treaty of Lodi?
• Ludovico il Moro of Milan
What was the “virtu” that
Machiavelli so valued?
• The ability to act heroically &
decisively
Who was the “German master” of
Northern Ren. Painting?
• Albrecht Durer
Who were the “crazy dutchmen”
of the Northern Ren.?
• Bosch
• Bruegel
Who was the “Spider King” who
ruled France at the peak of its
power in the 1400s?
• Louis XI
What was the primary
requirement for being a
Renaissance Prince?
• Power
What technological process that
preceded movable metal type
made mass printing more
feasible?
• Cheaper paper
List two reasons the church
feared the humanists.
• Self-reliance
• Outside interpretations
• Authorities other than God
What is the message of
Boccaccio’s Decameron?
• Beware of immoral behavior
What two entities did Erasmus
compare in trying to demonstrate
the true nature of Xianity?
• Christ
• The modern clergy
What kind of activity did
Petrarch inspire?
• Examination of the classics
• Writing related to them
Name 4 of the major Italian citystates.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Venice
Florence
Milan
Pisa
Genoa,
Romagna (Papal States)
What did the competing political
factions of the Renaissance use to
communicate with the masses?
• Art that they patronized
Identify two classical features
that were prominent in Ren.
Architecture.
• Domes
• Columns
• Roman arches
• Ornamentation
• Integrated supports
Which two nations were most
involved in the exploration of the
“New World” during the
Renaissance?
• Spain
• Portugal
What did Ferdinand & Isabelle
do (besides get married) to unify
the nation of Spain?
• secure borders
• venture abroad militarily
• strengthen the RC church
Why would the Printers’ Guild
have supported the Reformation?
• Economic stake
• literate and sophisticated
• often opposed to gov’t
What did the Reformation offer
peasants?
• A chance for political liberation
and social betterment
Where did Luther first defend his
95 Theses?
• At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs.
Eck)
What did the benefice system
allow the laity to do?
• Buy desirable church offices
• benefit economically
What 2 lay movements were the
biggest attackers of the medieval
church?
• Lollards (Wyclif)
• Hussites (Hus)
What act by the Roman Catholic
Church inspired the 95 Theses?
• Selling of indulgences
What was the jubilee indulgence
supposed to pay for?
• New St. Peters Cathedral in Rome
What pushed Luther to
“discover” justification by faith?
• His own feelings of unworthiness
What did the Council of Trent
say about church language and
the official Bible?
• Speak Latin
• use the Vulgate
What kept Charles V from
dealing with Luther quickly and
efficiently?
• He was always at war (usually with
the Valois)
• busy trying to get elected HRE
Who did Luther side with in the
Peasant Revolts in Germany?
• German Nobility
How did Luther respond to the
charges brought against him at
the Diet of Worms?
• “Here I Stand”, would not change
How did members of the
Schmalkaldic League benefit
from the Ref. Economically?
• Took over Church lands &
property
Why did the political structure of
Germany and Switzerland make
them easier to reform?
• Small territories governed by
princes instead of sovereign
monarchies
Why did the geography of
Germany and Switzerland make
them easier to reform?
• Far from Italy, divided into small
parts (states)
Who said: “Whatever lacks
scriptural support should not be
believed or practiced”
• Zwingli
What group believed in adult
baptism and were eventually
opposed by both Protestants and
Catholics?
• Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered
at Munster)
What was the formal name of the
order founded by Ignatius
Loyola?
• Society of Jesus
Identify two major characteristics
of the Jesuits.
• Focused on church
• underground missionaries
• great educators
• confessors to kings
Who were the elect?
• Those predestined for salvation
(Calvin)
Why is it politically dangerous
for a Pope to call a Council?
• they can limit his power
Which Pope gets the counter
reformation rolling?
• Paul III, 28 years after the 95
Theses
Who said: “We are all equal in
the eyes of God, members of the
Priesthood of all Believers”?
• Luther
What group called on clergy to
live as examples and upheld the
doctrine of the Catholic Church?
• Council of Trent
Where did the Council of Trent
place tradition relative to
scripture?
• On equal footing
What do the U & L in Calvin’s
TULIP stand for?
• Unconditional Election
• Limited Atonement
Under which monarch did
England become truly Protestant
(theologically)?
• Edward VI
In what work can this original
English Protestant theology be
found?
• Book of Common Prayer
(Cranmer)
What three religious groups did
Elizabeth I face when she came
to the throne?
• RCs
• Anglicans
• Puritans
Name at least three major causes
of the Reformation.
• Humanism
• Hus & Wyclif
• political division
• church abuses
• social inequality
Why did Zwingli feel penance
was unnecessary?
• Christ had already borne the pain
for our sins
What happened when Calvin
tried to “reform” Geneva the first
time?
• Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of
“new papacy”)
What tool did Calvin use to
create his “New Jerusalem”?
• Strict moral code (spread through
sermons and Catechism)
What did Catholics and Prots.
call unbelievers from the other
side?
• Heretics & papists (respectively)
Which English monarch
attempted to reinstate Roman
Catholicism?
• Mary I
Which two sacraments did Luther
claim were legitimate?
• Baptism
• Communion (Eucharist)
What book provided the majority
of the doctrine for the Anglican
Church?
• Book of Common Prayer
Name the two major down sides
of the Counter Reformation.
• Index of Forbidden Books
• Inquisition
What issue kept the German and
Swiss Reformations from
uniting?
• The physical presence of Christ in
communion
What finally gave princes in the
HRE official control over
religion?
• the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
What was the main reason Henry
VIII started the English
Reformation?
• Wanted an annulment from
Catharine
• desired control over church
structure
• resources
Name the major Protestant Group
in each of the following areas:
England, Scotland, Switzerland,
North Germany.
• Anglicans
• Puritans
• Calvinists
• Lutherans
What type of art reflected the
spirit of the Counter
Reformation?
• Baroque
What is Baroque Art designed to
do?
• Get an emotional response/reaction
What percentage of Protestant
converts were “reconverted” by
the Catholic Reformation?
• Over 50
List three components of Calvin’s
moral code.
• No drinking
• no dancing
• no plays
• religious music
• psalm reading in taverns
Identify the two major events that
push Luther into the arms of the
nobles.
• Peasant Revolt
• squashing the Anabaptists
Why was it tough to be a Prot. In
France?
• Concordat of Bologna (state
control of church)
Why did Luther abandon the
Peasants in their revolt of 1524?
• not Christian’s role to transform
society
• better politically to back princes
What family did Catherine de
Medicis most often conspire
with?
• The Guise Family (RC)
What percentage of French
aristocracy joined the Huguenots
to protest the Guise controlled
monarchy?
• 40
What was the major outcome,
other than dead people, of the St.
Bart’s day Massacre?
• Increased fighting between
Catholics and Protestants
Name the politique who
succeeded Henry III.
• Henry of Navarre (IV)
Identify three freedoms
guaranteed Hugs by the Edict of
Nantes.
• Worship
• Assemble
• attend university
• fortify towns
• hold public offices
What was Coligny trying to get
Charles IX to do?
• aid Prots. in Netherlands
How did Calvinists organize the
churches and governments?
• Locally
How did Henry of Navarre bring
a close to conflict in France?
• converting to Catholicism
• Edict of Nantes
Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II
tried to conquer in this unit.
• The Netherlands
• Portugal
• England
What effect did the Spanish Fury
have on the Southern 10
provinces of the Netherlands?
• It caused them to briefly unit with
the northern 7 vs. the Spanish (Pac.
of Ghent)
What country was formed by the
lower 10 provinces of the
Netherlands?
• Spanish Neth., which becomes
Belgium
What leader of the Dutch
resistance became a martyr for
the cause?
• William of Orange
What treaty brought English help
to Protestants fighting in France
& the Netherlands?
• Treaty of Nonsuch
What religion is most of modern
day Belgium?
• Catholicism
What was Phillip II’s religious
justification for going into the
Netherlands?
• enforcing Council of Trent
What were Spain’s economic
motives for trying to hold on to
the Netherlands?
• tax $$$
• valuable trade & shipping
Who did Phillip II put in charge
of uniting the Dutch churches and
gov’t?
• Cardinal Granvelle
When Granvelle failed how did
Phillip II respond?
• sent in the Duke of Alba to use
military force
What tactics did the Dutch
resisters use against the Spanish
Army?
• guerilla warfare
• piracy
Why was Mary, QOS such a bad
match for Scotland?
• Very French
• Catholic
Who wanted to rid the Anglican
Church of all Catholic practices
and structures?
• Puritans
Who did Protestants want to
succeed Mary I?
• Elizabeth I
Who did John Knox rail on?
• Female rulers (Elizabeth, Marys,
CDM)
Why was Mary QOS executed?
• Plotting to kill Elizabeth I
Name 2 things that brought about
the demise of the Armada.
• Wind
• Tactics
• sea dogs
What RC things did the
“Elizabethan Settlement” keep?
What Protestant things?
• Church hierarchy & ceremony
• Book of Common Prayer
• 39 Articles
What event provided inspiration
for Protestants and marked the
beginning of the end for Spain?
• Defeat of the Armada
What does cuius regio, eius
religio mean?
• The ruler determines religion
What were Ferdinand II’s chief
goals at the start of the 30 Years
War?
• centralize his control over HRE
• re-Catholicize the empire
What Swedish King swung the
30 yrs. War in favor of the
Protestants? What was his
strength?
• Gustavus Adolphus
• military leadership
Why did the English want to
keep the Spanish out of the
Netherlands?
• fear of invasion
• trade rivalry
Name 2 groups that came in to
support the Prots in the 30 Years
War.
• Swedes
• Richelieu
• Danes
• Dutch
Who did Spain support in the 30
Years War?
• HRE (Ferdinand)
What two countries continued
their conflict past the end of the
30 Years’ War?
• Spain & France (ending with
Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659)
Why did France & Richelieu side
with the Prots. during the 30
Years’ War?
• hated Haps & Spanish,
• wanted weak Ger.
What were Christian IV &
Gustavus Adolphus trying to gain
territorially?
• states in N. Germany (Holstein &
Brandenburg)
How did families like the
Medicis & the Fuggers exert their
power?
• lending $ to key people
Name one of the two military
leaders Ferdinand II brought in to
fight the Prots.
• Maximilian (of Bavaria)
• Wallenstein
Identify two of the major
outcomes of the 30 Years’ war.
• France most powerful
• Ger. states separate
• continuation of Augsburg
• Switz. & Neth. are independent
Identify three key outcomes of
the Peace of Westphalia.
• Swiss independence
• Dutch independence
• Hapsburgs looooooooooose
• extension of Augsburg (Calv.)
• French get territory
Identify three causes of the
commercial revolution.
• needs of N-S
• putting out, rising pop.
• new industries
• new shipping/colonies
Identify two rivalries that came
about as a result of the
Commercial Revolution.
• Eng. vs. Spain
• Spain vs. Dutch
What is the main goal of
mercantilism?
• strengthen your economy at the
expense of another
Identify four components of
mercantilism.
•
•
•
•
•
Tariffs
Bullionism
Colonies
sea trade
support for
industry
• exporting
finished goods
• full employment
• large population
What Petition required the
consent of Parliament for all
taxation?
• Petition of Right
Name two of the devices used by
the Stuarts to raise funds outside
of Par.
• ship money
• Impositions
• forced loan
• 1/4 troops
What did both James I & Charles
I do that the traditional nobility
found threatening?
• Sold titles & offices
Name 5 guys from this unit who
believed in the divine right of
kings?
• Charles I, II
• James I, II
• Louis XIV
What policy let Charles I rule
without Parliament?
• the thorough
Why did the Scots rebel in 1637?
What did this force Charles to
do?
• Charles & Laud were try to force
episcopal system on them
• Call Parliament
Why did Charles I disband the
“Short Par”?
• demanded redress of grievances
What were the supporters of
Charles and the Parliament
called, respectively?
• Cavaliers (Mon/Ang)
• Roundheads (Par/Pur)
What was the main military
reason the Roundheads were able
to win the ECW?
• The prowess of the New Model
Army & holding most big towns &
ports
Name 2 things abolished by the
Rump Parliament.
• House of Lords
• Anglican Church and the
monarchy (they kill Charles I)
How did Cromwell rule the
“commonwealth” of England?
• as Lord Protector over 10 districts
run by generals
Name two things that made
Charles II appear to be pro-RC.
• love of ceremony
• RC wife
• support for France & Louis XIV
What Code excluded both RCs &
Puritans from public life in
England?
• Clarendon Code
What Act did Parliament pass
during the Restoration to keep
RCs out of government? Who
did they fear?
• Test Act
• James II
What law required that English
imports be carried on English
ships? What nation was this
designed to hurt?
• Navigation Acts
• the Dutch Republic
What two groups formed in
England toward the end of
Charles II’s reign? Who did each
support?
• Tories (king)
• Whigs (opposed to king)
Whose overly absolutist policies
pushed these two groups
together?
• James II (attempt to assert absolute
authority, threat of RC)
Who did the Whigs & Tories call
to throne in 1688?
• Mary (Prot. daughter of James II)
• William III of Orange
What did William & Mary agree
to accept in the Glorious Rev.?
• Bill of Rights
• Constitutional monarchy
Why would William be willing to
accept such terms that would
limit his power?
• chance to be King of Eng.
• oppose Louis XIV
What 2 people rebuilt France
after the religious conflict?
• Swanson and Kilmer
• Henry IV & duke of Sully
What would Richelieu do to
nobles who refused to follow his
reforms?
• Imprison
• Fine
• execute
What French leader was
determined to suppress
Protestants domestically but
willing to support them
internationally?
• Richelieu
How did French nobility &
townspeople respond to
Mazarin’s continuation of
Richelieu’s policies?
• the Fronde
Who was Louis XIV’s chief
advisor while he was a minor?
• Cardinal Mazarin
What was the role of the
intendants?
• supervise local activities for bur.,
• keep eye on parlements
What was Louis XIV’ main
military goal?
• Secure borders in the Alps & at the
Rhine
• ultimately expansion
Name three things Louis XIV did
to glorify himself in the eyes of
the public.
• Arts
• Army
• Ceremony
• Propaganda
• Versailles
Name 2 components of
mercantilism under Colbert.
• develop resources, encourage
industry, high tariffs, French
imports on French ships, the tailles
How did most of Europe respond
to Louis XIV when he took
Strasbourg in 1681? What war
started out of this?
• Formed the League of Augsburg,
Nine Years War
Why did Louis XIV never call
the Estates General?
• source of power for nobility, didn’t
need them for $$$
What action by Louis XIV
caused the emigration of 250,000
Huguenots and the closure of
Protestant schools & churches?
• Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
in 1685
In which direction was Louis
trying to expand in the Nine
Years War?
• East, into Germany
Who’s philosophy was “one king,
one law, one faith”?
• Louis XIV
What Treaty gave Louis the right
to keep to put his grandson on the
throne of Spain?
• Utrecht
What did the Treaty of Utrecht
give the English?
• asiento & Gibraltar
Who was removed from
Parliament in “Pride’s Purge”?
• Presbyterians who insisted on their
church system
Where did the Royalists go after
Charles I’s execution? What did
they do?
• France, resisted Cromwell &
Commonwealth
Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV
invaded the Netherlands in 1670?
• making fun, territory, had England
as an ally
Where was Louis XIV looking to
expand in the war of Devolution?
• Spanish Netherlands
Who was determined to give
France peace & an improved
economy in the early 1700s?
• Cardinal Fleury
What financial crisis crushed
French faith in public finance?
• Mississippi Bubble Crisis
Why did Fleury fail?
• died too soon, Louis XV was a fool
Name three general attributes of
eastern Europe.
• agrarian, technologically behind,
authoritarian rule
What country bad declined by
1650 because of foolish
monarchs & decline of imports
from the New World?
• Spain
What country had declined by
1750 because of political disunity
& overextension of their trade
empire?
• The Netherlands
What industry did this country
remain dominant in?
• banking
Which political group did George
I favor when he came to Britain?
• Whigs
Which party supported a strong
monarchy, low taxes, and the
Anglican Church?
• Tories
Who dominated control of the
House of Commons in the
1700s?
• Wealthy landowning men
Who supported the Stuart
“pretenders” in the early 1700s?
• Jacobites
Who rose to the office of Prime
Minister by solving the South
Sea Bubble crisis?
• Robert Walpole
How did Walpole take executive
powers away from the
monarchy?
• formation of the cabinet system
(treasury, military, etc.)
Name two countries whose decay
led to advances by Prussia and
Russia.
• Poland and Sweden
What two countries fought in the
Great Northern War? Who won?
• Russia and Sweden, Russia
Whose diet required unanimity
on all issues? Why was this a
weakness?
• Poland, difficult to pass taxes to
fund army (& other key decisions)
Which Hapsburg repelled Turks
& Louis & gained in Austria &
Hungary?
• Leopold I
What agreement provided a legal
basis for Maria Theresa to rule
Austria? How well did it work?
• Pragmatic Sanction; not very well,
the other European powers did not
honor it
What declining power in the east
allowed the Hapsburgs &
Hohenzollerns to fill the power
vacuum?
• Ottoman Empire
Name two groups the Hapsburgs
forced into their Austrian Empire.
• Italians from Lombard, Slavs
(Bohemia), Magyars (Hungary)
What were the primary
characteristics of the Prussian
state?
• military discipline &
administrative rigor
What was the primary
accomplishment of the Great
Elector?
• Uniting the Prussian State
How does he accomplish this?
• taxes to build army, Junkers must
go through him for power, improve
farming & industry
Who spent extravagantly
received the title “King of
Prussia” in exchange for help in
the war of Spanish Succession?
• Frederick I
Why did the Hapsburgs decide to
focus on Austria?
• decline of Spain, losses in 30 Years
War
How did the Great Elector &
other Hohenzollerns keep the
Junkers in line?
• best jobs in bur. & mil.
Which Prussian king imposed
austerity and built the Prussian
army to 80,000?
• Frederick William II
Who inherits Prussia’s army at
it’s peak and is ready to use it to
expand Prussian Power? Where
does he take the army first?
• Frederick II, into Silesia vs. Austria
What three groups opposed Peter
the Great in his plans for
Westernization?
• Boyars, Streltsy, & Church
How were the Boyars tamed by
Peter the Great?
• Social standing determined by job,
shave-o-rama, loyal to state first
Who revolted when Peter went
west? How were they tamed?
• Streltsy, torture & execution,
corpses on display
What are always Russia’s two
main assets?
• people & resources
What right/privilege did both the
Hapsburgs & Hohenzollerns
grant the nobility to curry favor?
• domination of peasants & serfs
Where did Peter build his great,
superficially western, capital?
How was it positioned to be a
“window to the west”?
• St. Petersburg, on the Baltic
Name two ways that Peter the
Great reformed Russia’s army.
• improved weapons, discipline,
outside officers, regiments, western
uniforms, “Go Russia” t-shirts
What is Peter the Great’s primary
military goal? Where is he able
to achieve this?
• warm water ports, on the Baltic
Name two steps Peter took to
improve Russia’s economy.
• mercantilism, western craftsman,
industrial serfs, iron
How do the Russians defend
themselves against invasion by
Charles XII?
• Draw him in & let him freeze &
starve
Why does Peter have his son
killed?
• he opposed westernization & Peter
feared he would reverse his
policies
What two classical thinkers were
most of the early scientific beliefs
based on?
• Aristotle & Ptolemy
Who was the first to refute
Ptolemy?
• Copernicus
How did Brahe’s opposition
benefit Copernicus?
• Gave him publicity
Name Brahe’s assistant that drew
pro-Copernican conclusions from
Brahe’s work?
• Kepler
How did the church respond to
Galileo’s use of the telescope?
• They condemned it, “God would
have made us able to see it”
Who was the father of modern
philosophy?
• Descartes
Who were the two great political
thinkers of the 17th century?
• Hobbes & Locke
What major movement did the
new science lead to?
• New Philosophy
Who was the champion of the
empirical method? What does
this method encourage?
• Bacon, observations based on lots
of data
What was Newton’s major work?
• Principia Mathematica
How does Newton unlock the
door to the rest of scientific
discovery?
• universal gravitation was major
missing link
Identify 2 major influences on the
literature of the 17th century.
• ECW, counter-reformation,
restoration, Elizabethan times
Who confronted both the Jesuits
& skeptics and argued for the
separation of religion & science?
• Pascal
What was the main point of Don
Quixote?
• a combination of realism &
idealism are important for a happy
life
Describe Shakespeare’s political
& social outlook.
• Conservative
What work and author described
the fall of Satan?
• Milton’s Paradise Lost
What work and author described
the effects of too much
Restoration Partying?
• Bunyan’s Life and Death of Mr.
Badman
Who argued that the existence of
God was rational?
• Pascal
Who was the first scientist to
maintain that mathematical
relationships explain everything?
• Galileo
What were the two of the main
influences on Hobbes & Locke?
• ECW, Louis XIV & Glorious
Revolution
List two of Locke’s major beliefs.
• blank slate, overthrow bad gov’t,
natural state is freedom, natural
rights: life, liberty & property
Who believed that people must
turn over their rights to a strong
ruler his rule would prevent
anarchy?
• Hobbes
How did Hobbes’ absolute ruler
control his people?
• Manipulating their fear of pain and
desire for pleasure
What were the four most
formative causes of the
enlightenment?
• print culture, need for reform in
France, Sci. Rev., success of GB
Who are the three most
prominent philosophes?
• Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Rousseau
Why would you associate
Voltaire with our 1st amendment?
• he advocated basic freedoms
Name the author and work that
discussed Laissez Faire
Economics.
• Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
Who was Adam Smith’s chief
influence, and what system did
he attack?
• physiocrats, mercantilism
Why did philosophes criticize the
church?
• promoted evil acts, took advantage
of political position, emphasis on
superstition, didn’t practice
toleration, imperfection of man
In what role did the Deists place
God?
• “divine watchmaker”, created
world and stood back
What two groups responded to
Deism by making religion more
personal?
• Pietists and Methodists
Who criticized bigotry &
advocated free speech in works
like Candide?
• Voltaire
What did Montesquieu argue was
the best form of gov’t?
• Three branch, separation of powers
What is it about Montesquieu’s
background that influenced these
beliefs?
• He was part of the noble
Resurgence after Louis XIV
Name three major beliefs of
Rousseau.
• Society over individual, bend to
will, glorified motherhood, M&W
in separate spheres
How did women benefit from the
enlightenment?
• emphasis on education, saloneirs,
glorification of motherhood
Why was the first encyclopedia
such a major undertaking? Who
edited it?
• first time any group tried to
compile “all” knowledge, Diderot
If you had to sum up the
enlightenment in one word, what
would it be?
• darn well better be reason
What were the three basic classes
of the Ancien Regime?
• nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants
What were Jethro Tull’s two main
contributions to the Ag. Rev.?
• iron plow and seed drill
Who introduced the new crop
rotation system that included
turnips and clover?
• Charles Townshend
What did the flying shuttle create
a demand for?
• thread/yarn
What country was famous for
land reclamation?
• The Netherlands
Name two reasons the Industrial
Revolution started in Great
Britain.
• coal & iron, individual liberties,
roads & waterways, relatively
mobile social structure
Name 2 characteristics of NW
European families in the Ancien
Regime.
• nuclear, married later, smaller
What commonly caused urban
riots?
• inflated prices, threat to traditional
right, unjust action
What group might encourage
peasants to riot against the
nobility?
• Bourgeoisie
What did many “new” cities lack
that would have helped them
handle the influx of people?
• infrastructure
Why did Frederick II start the
War of Aust. Succession?
• wanted Silesia, saw that M-T was
weak
What was the world population in
1750?
• 3/4 billion
Why did landlords want to
enclose their lands?
• higher bread prices, wanted to
force the use of new methods
What happened to many peasants
as a result of enclosure?
• cut loose from the land, forced to
look for other employment
What country held colonies in the
St. Lawrence & Ohio River
valleys?
• France
Why was the war of Jenkins’ Ear
important?
• Kick off to series of conflicts
What did GB do to keep the
French busy on the continent
during the 7 Years War?
• Gave lots of aid to Prussia
How did Maria Theresa keep her
kingdom together during the War
of Austrian Succession?
• Concessions to the nobility, esp.
the Magyars
Name the worst country to be a
peasant in.
• Russia (Poland was a close 2nd)
What event marked a major shift
in traditional alliances?
• Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
What war did this “Revolution”
lead to?
• 7 Years War
Name two things the British
gained from the 7 Years War.
• All of NA east of the Miss., trade
rights in India, disappearance of
France from colonial scene
Why did the Bourgeoisie resent
the nobility?
• inherited legal rights & privileges
How did GB try to address the
massive war debt they were left
with after the 7 Years War?
• Taxing their colonists
How was the average European
Jew treated during the Ancien
Regime?
• non-citizen, lived in separated area,
discriminated against
What right were the British
abusing before the War of
Jenkins Ear?
• asiento
Who were the 2 chief rivals in
this era of colonial expansion?
• GB & France
What is an audencia?
• A judicial council in the New
World
What action started the 7 Years
War?
• Frederick II’s preemptive strike on
Saxony
Name 2 benefits of the steam
engine.
• Move factories away from rivers,
constant source of power
In which industry did the
Industrial Revolution start?
• textiles
What system was replaced by the
factory system?
• cottage or “putting-out”
Name one factor that may have
led to the population boom that
started in the mid-1700’s.
• End of the plague, less warfare,
improved health
Name the two crops that were
introduced from the New World.
• potatoes & corn
What cause did John Wilkes
associate himself with?
• opposition to George III &
individual liberty
What institution did the Wilksites
want reformed?
• Parliament
What problem did the 7 Years
War leave all of its participants
with?
• war debt
How did increased demand for
sugar and cotton in Europe lead
to increased slavery?
• plantation system demands it
What were the American
colonists originally trying to
protect when they revolted
against GB?
• Rights as Englishmen
In what kinds of places did the
“new cities” spring up?
• waterways, road hubs, sea ports
What are the two basic types of
Bourg.?
• commercial/financial &
bureaucratic/professional
Where would you be living if you
got married at 17 had 10 kids and
lived with your aunts, uncles,
cousins, and grandparents?
• SE Europe
What was the primary unit of
both production and consumption
during the Ancien Regime?
• the family
Where did Dutch trade influence
remain high in the 1700s?
• Asia
What are colonies supposed to
provide to the “home country”?
• markets and raw materials
How did the new gov’t they
created differ from all previous
gov’ts?
• Equality of all white men, no
aristocracy or social classes by
birth, no king
Name three causes of the French
Rev..
• Food shortages & prices, heavy
taxation of poor, little taxation of
nobles & clergy, bourgeoisie vs.
nobles, nobles vs. monarchy
List two reasons why the French
gov’t was in so much debt.
• 7 Years War, American Rev., War
of Austrian Succession, couldn’t
tax upper classes
What group did the 3rd Estate
form when they left the Estates
General? What did they promise
in the Tennis Court Oath?
• National Assembly, keep meeting
until they wrote a constitution
What group did this become
when it was recognized by Louis
XVI?
• National Constituent Assembly
(NCA)
What class were the reps of the
3rd Estate from?
• Bourgeoisie
How did nobles react to the Great
Fear?
• renounced their rights, cleared way
for Cons.
What did Louis XVI do to cause
the poor to storm the Bastille?
• muster troops around Paris
What’s significant about who was
involved in storming the Bastille?
• Entrance of the popular masses
into the revolution
What kind of representation &
voting did the nobility want in
the EG?
• Equal number of reps for each
estate & voting by order
What was the purpose of the Dec.
of Rights of Man and Citizen?
• Guiding statement for the Cons. of
1791
Who got the franchise under the
Cons. of 1791?
• Active citizens (pay taxes = to 3
days of labor)
What revolutionary faction was
more moderate and favored
Constitutional Monarchy?
• Girondins
Identify a way in which Louis
XVI demonstrated his antirevolutionary sentiment.
• muster troops, stall on Dec. of
Rights, flee to Varennes, refractory
clergy
Identify two components of the
Civil Cons. of the Clergy. What
impact did it have on the French
clergy?
• elected clergy, reorganized
dioceses, seized lands; Split them
(refractory)
How did the Pope respond to the
CCC?
• condemned it and the Rev.
Why did the women of Paris
march on Versailles?
• food, make Louis agree to Dec. of
Rights
What were the chief concerns of
the sans-culottes?
• food and representation
Which enlightenment thinker’s
ideas are most evident in the
French Revolution? Where?
• Rousseau; separate sphere, General
Will,
Name two components of the
economic reform under the Cons.
of 1791.
• assignats, guilds banned, more
equitable taxation, laissez faire
Despite their active participation
in the revolution, which two
groups were consistently left out?
• poor (esp. urban) & women
What kind of reaction did the
invasion by Austria & Prussia
produce?
• panic, fear, “invasion mentality”
What tool did the Convention use
to mobilize France for war? name
two components of this tool.
• levee en masse; conscription of all
males, price ceilings, war
production
Give two examples of occasions
when the Bourgeois
revolutionaries benefited from
the actions of the poor.
• Versailles, Bastille, insurrection,
expulsion of Girondin, rev. army
What revolutionary faction was
more radical and favored a
republic?
• Jacobins (Mountain)
Why did the Convention try to
dechristianize France?
• religion would get in the way of
the virtuous republic, second
authority
What two places did the Dec. of
Rights of Man and Citizen get its
ideas from?
• Dec. of Independence &
Enlightenment
What did the Paris Commune
force the Legislative Assembly to
do?
• step down and give way to the
National Convention (start of the
2nd Rev.)
What event led to the formation
of the Paris Commune?
• the Paris insurrection of August,
1792 (attack on Tuileries)
Identify two of Edmund Burke’s
criticisms of the Revolution.
• revs have no gov’t experience,
democracy sucks (popular gov’t
can’t work)
Describe the politics and religion
of the countryside in comparison
with those of Paris.
• more conservative and traditional
or devoutly RC
What was Robespierre’s
overarching (ultimate) goal?
• republic of virtue
Name two steps he was willing to
take to achieve this goal.
• dechristianize, suppression of
rights, massive bloody guillotine
death
What was the “white terror”?
• backlash against the red terrorists
of Robespierre’s terror
How did Robespierre wind up
turning the blade of terror against
himself?
• eliminated opposition without
cultivating allies
Describe the gov’t set up by the
Cons. of Year III.
• Councils of Elders and 500 (leg.),
Directory (exec.)
What did the Directory use to
maintain its power?
• army over cons.
What did Babeuf claim in 1796?
• Rev. has not gone far enough
What group benefited the most in
the end from both revolutions?
• Bourgeoisie
Name three things women did as
participants in the revolution.
• Society of Women, spokespeople,
Versailles, fought in army
Put these in order: Nat.
Assembly, Convention, NCA,
Legislative Assembly, Estates
General
• Estates General, Nat. Assembly,
NCA, Legislative Assembly,
Convention
How did the goals of enlightened
absolutists differ from those of
the traditional absolutists?
• They didn’t - just used
enlightenment ideas
Who was the ultimate
enlightened absolutist? Identify
two of his reforms.
• Joseph II; seized church lands, =
taxation for all, = punishment for
all, abolished serfdom, nobility out
of bur.
Who tried to continue in Peter’s
footsteps as the westernizer of
Russia? What made his/her
position so precarious?
• Catherine the Great, non-Russian,
female, had to rely on nobility
Name two “enlightened” actions
of Frederick the Great.
• legal reform, reduce control over
peasants, agricultural reforms,
religious toleration
What was shocking about Joseph
II’s religious toleration?
• He was a Hapsburg (very RC)
What brings Enlightened
Absolutism to a screeching halt?
• the French Revolution