Transcript What political structure did the strong nation state replace?

What political structure did the
strong nation state replace?
feudal monarchy
Name Michelangelo’s most famous
painting & sculpture.
Sistene Chapel & David
What period did Rafael belong to?
High Renaissance
Name two characteristics of the
nation state.
taxes, standing army, bureacracy,
support of townspeople
Who was the father of Humanism?
Petrarch
What Treaty kept the City-States
unified against outside threat?
Treaty of Lodi
Which emperor united the Spanish
and Austrian sides of the Habsburg
empire?
Charles V
What were the three main
characteristics of the Spanish
Empire in America?
Roman Cath., Social hierarchy,
econ. Dependence
Who was the most popular classical
figure during the Renaissance?
Plato
Who hoped that a strong Italian
ruler would come from the Medicis?
Machiavelli
What was Castiglione’s main
emphasis?
proper behavior for every situation
Name the three main components
of the colonial economy in Latin
America.
Mining, shipping, and farming
What was Erasmus’ philosophy a
combination of?
Christian and classical beliefs
Who conquered the Incas? The
Aztecs?
Pizarro and Cortes
Name three countries where strong
nation-states developed.
Spain, France, England
Name two key places where they
did not.
Italy & HRE
What alliance was formed to
remove the French from Italy?
League of Venice
Name the Popes of this era that
were more political than spiritual.
Julius II and Alexander VI
Name the work and author that
describe an ideal society that will
never exist.
Utopia, Thomas More
The Age of Exploration was driven
by desire for what two things?
Spices and precious metals
What work and author focused on
man’s ability to determine his
destiny?
Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico
Della Mirandola
What English dynasty emerges
from the War of the Roses?
Tudor (starting with Henry VII)
Why is Machiavelli’s emphasis on
virtú so humanist?
strong individual, classical source
(Rome)
Who was the Renaissance Man?
Leonardo da Vinci
How did Renaissance Art differ from
art from the Middle Ages?
realism, accurate anatomy, secular
patronage
What economic developments
allowed for secular patronage of the
arts?
increased trade & banking
Identify the two major northern
humanists.
More & Erasmus
How was the subject matter of the
Northern Ren. a departure?
Gothic, supernatural
What issue caused a split between
Thomas More & Henry VIII?
Henry’s desire for a divorce
Who did Alexander VI try to install
as ruler of Romagna?
Cesare Borgia, his son
Who was the first to “invite the
French over the Alps”?
Ludovico il Moro
What was the “virtú” that
Machiavelli so valued?
The ability to act heroically &
decisively
Who was the “German master” of
Northern Ren. Painting?
Albrecht Durer
Who were the “crazy dutchmen” of
the Northern Ren.?
Bosch & Bruegel
Who was the “Spider King” who
ruled France at the peak of its
power in the 1400s?
Louis XI
What was the primary requirement
for being a Renaissance Prince?
Power
What technological process that
preceded movable metal type made
mass printing more feasible?
Cheaper paper
List two reasons the church feared
the humanists.
Self-reliance, outside
interpretations, authorities other
than God
What is the message of Boccaccio’s
Decameron?
Beware of immoral behavior
What two entities did Erasmus
compare in trying to demonstrate
the true nature of Xianity?
Christ & the modern clergy
What kind of activity did Petrarch
inspire?
Examination of the classics, and
writing related to them
Name 4 major city-states.
Venice, Florence, Milan, Pisa,
Genoa, Romagna (Papal States)
What did the competing political
factions of the Renaissance use to
communicate with the masses?
Art that they patronized
Identify two classical features that
were prominent in Ren.
Architecture.
Domes, columns, roman arches,
ornamentation, integrated
supports
Which two nations were most
involved in the exploration of
the “New World” during the
Renaissance?
Spain and Portugal
What did Ferdinand & Isabella do
(besides get married) to unify the
nation of Spain?
secure borders, venture abroad
militarily, strengthen the RC
church
Why would the Printers’ Guild have
supported the Reformation?
Economic stake, literate and
sophisticated, often opposed to
gov’t
What did the Reformation offer
peasants?
A chance for political liberation and
social betterment
Where did Luther first defend his 95
Theses?
At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs.
Eck)
What did the benefice system allow
the laity to do?
Buy desirable church offices &
benefit economically
What 2 lay movements were the
biggest attackers of the medieval
church?
Lollards (Wyclif) and Hussites (Hus)
What act by the Roman Catholic
Church inspired the 95 Theses?
Selling of indulgences
What was the jubilee indulgence
supposed to pay for?
New St. Peters cathedral in Rome
What pushed Luther to “discover”
justification by faith?
His own feelings of unworthiness
What did the Council of Trent say
about church language and the
official Bible?
Speak Latin & use the Vulgate
What kept Charles V from dealing
with Luther quickly and efficiently?
He was always at war (usually with
the Valois), and busy trying to get
elected HRE
Who did Luther side with in the
Peasant Revolts in Germany?
German Nobility
How did Luther respond to the
charges brought against him at the
Diet of Worms?
“Here I Stand”, would not change
How did members of the
Schmalkaldic League benefit from
the Ref. Economically?
Took over Church lands & property
Why did the political structure of
Germany and Switzerland make
them easier to reform?
Small territories governed by
princes instead of sovereign
monarchies
Why did the geography of Germany
and Switzerland make them easier
to reform?
Far from Italy, divided into small
parts (states)
Who said: “Whatever lacks
scriptural support should not be
believed or practiced”
Zwingli
What group believed in adult
baptism and were eventually
opposed by both Protestants and
Catholics?
Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered
at Munster)
What was the formal name of the
order founded by Ignatius Loyola?
Society of Jesus
Identify two major characteristics of
the Jesuits.
Focused on church, underground
missionaries, great educators,
confessors to kings
Who were the elect?
Those predestined for salvation
(Calvin)
Why is it politically dangerous for
a Pope to call a Council?
they can limit his power
Which Pope gets the counter
reformation rolling?
Paul III
What group called on clergy to live
as examples and upheld the
doctrine of the Catholic Church?
Council of Trent
Where did the Council of Trent
place tradition relative to scripture?
On equal footing
Who said: “We are all equal in the
eyes of God, members of the
Priesthood of all Believers”?
Luther
What do the U & L in TULIP stand
for?
Unconditional Election & Limited
Atonement
Under which monarch did England
become truly Protestant
(theologically)?
Edward VI
In what work can this original
English Protestant theology be
found?
Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)
What three religious groups did
Elizabeth I face when she came to
the throne?
RCs, Anglicans, & Puritans
Name at least three major causes
of the Reformation.
Humanism, Hus & Wyclif, political
division, church abuses, social
inequality
Why did Zwingli feel penance was
unnecessary?
Christ had already borne the pain
for our sins
What happened when Calvin tried
to “reform” Geneva the first time?
Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of
“new papacy”)
What tool did Calvin use to create
his “New Jerusalem”?
Strict moral code
What did Catholics and Prots. call
unbelievers from the other side?
Heretics & papists (respectively)
Which English monarch attempted
to reinstate Roman Catholicism?
Mary I
Which two sacraments did Luther
claim were legitimate?
Baptism and communion (eucharist)
What book provided the majority of
the doctrine for the Anglican
Church?
Book of Common Prayer
Name the two major down sides of
the Counter Reformation.
Index of Forbidden Books and
Inquisition
What issue kept the German and
Swiss Reformations from uniting?
The physical presence of Christ in
communion
What finally gave princes in the
HRE official control over religion?
the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
What was the main reason Henry
VIII started the English
Reformation?
Wanted an annulment from
Catharine, desired control over
church structure & resources
Name the major Protestant Group
in each of the following areas:
England, Scotland, Switzerland,
North Germany.
Anglicans, Puritans, Calvinists,
Lutherans
What type of art reflected the spirit
of the Counter Reformation?
Baroque
What is Baroque Art designed to
do?
Get an emotional response/reaction
What percentage of Protestant
converts were “reconverted” by the
Catholic Reformation?
Over 50
List three components of Calvin’s
moral code.
No drinking, no dancing, no plays,
religious music & psalm reading in
taverns
Identify the two major events that
push Luther into the arms of the
nobles.
Peasant Revolt & squashing the
Anabaptists
Why was it tough to be a Prot. In
France?
Concordat of Bologna (state control
of church)
Why did Luther abandon the
Peasants in their revolt of
1524?
not xian’s role to
transform society, better
politically to back princes
How did Calvinists organize the
churches and governments?
Locally
Who did Spain support in the 30
Years War?
HRE (Ferdinand)
What family did Catherine de
Medicis most often conspire with?
The Guise Family
Why was Mary, QOS such a bad
match for Scotland?
Very French and RC
What was the major outcome, other
than dead people, of the St. Bart’s
day Massacre?
Increased fighting between
Catholics and Protestants
Name the politique who succeeded
Henry III.
Henry of Navarre (IV)
Identify three freedoms
guaranteed Hugs by the Edict of
Nantes.
worship, assemble, attend
university, fortify towns, hold
public offices
The massacre of 7,000 Protestants
in Antwerp was called the
_________
Spanish Fury
What effect did the Spanish Fury
have on the Southern 10
provinces of the Netherlands?
It caused them to briefly unit with
the northern 7 vs. the Spanish
(Pac. of Ghent)
What country was formed by the
lower 10 provinces of the
Netherlands?
Spanish Neth., which becomes
Belgium
Name one of the two military
leaders Ferdinand brought in to
fight the Prots.
Maximilian and Wallenstein
Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II tried
to conquer in this unit.
The Netherlands, Portugal, and
England
What were Spain’s economic
motives for trying to hold on to
the Netherlands?
tax $$$ and valuable trade &
shipping
When Granvelle failed how did
Phillip II respond?
sent in the Duke of Alba to use
military force
What treaty brought English help to
Protestants fighting in France & the
Netherlands?
Treaty of Nonsuch
What treaty brought the lower 10
provinces of the Netherlands
together with the upper 7?
Pacification of Ghent
What tactics did the Dutch resisters
use against the Spanish Army?
guerilla, piracy
Who wanted to rid the Anglican
Church of all Catholic practices and
structures?
Puritans
Who did John Knox rail on?
Female rulers (Marys, CDM)
Why was Mary, QOS such a bad
match for Scotland?
Very French and RC
Why was Mary QOS executed?
Plotting to kill Elizabeth I
What does cuius regio, eius religio
mean?
The ruler determines religion
What leader of the Dutch resistance
became a martyr for the cause?
William of Orange
Who did Protestants want to
succeed Mary I?
Elizabeth I
What RC things did the
“Elizabethan Settlement” keep?
Prot.?
Church hierarchy & ceremony, Book
of Common Prayer
What religion is most of modern day
Belgium?
RC
What event provided inspiration for
Protestants and marked the
beginning of the end for Spain?
Defeat of the Armada
What Swedish King swung the 30
yrs. War in favor of the Protestants?
What was his strength?
Gustavus Adolphus, military
leadership
What percentage of French
aristocracy joined the Huguenots to
protest the Guise controlled
monarchy?
40
What was Phillip II’s religious
justification for going into the
Netherlands?
enforcing Council of Trent
Who did Phillip II put in charge of
uniting the Dutch churches and
gov’t?
Cardinal Granvelle
Why did the English want to keep
the Spanish out of the Netherlands?
fear of invasion, trade rivalry
Name 2 groups that came in to
support the Prots in the 30 Years
War.
Swedes, Richelieu, Danes, Dutch
How did Henry of Navarre bring a
close to conflict in France?
converting to RC & Edict of Nantes
Identify two of the major outcomes
of the 30 Years’ war.
France most powerful, Ger. states
separate, continuation of
Augsburg, Switz. & Neth. are
independent
What two countries continued their
conflict past the end of the 30
Years’ War?
Spain & France (ending with
Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659)
Who did Spain support in the 30
Years War?
HRE (Ferdinand)
What is the main goal of
mercantilism?
strengthen your economy at the
expense of another
Identify four components of
mercantilism.
tariffs, bullionism, colonies, sea
trade, support for industry,
exporting finished goods, full
employment, large population
Identify three causes of the
commercial revolution.
needs of N-S, putting out, rising
pop., new industries, new
shipping/colonies,
Identify two rivalries that came
about as a result of the Commercial
Revolution.
Eng. vs. Spain, Spain vs. Dutch
Why did France & Richelieu side
with the Prots. during the 30 Years’
War?
hated Haps & Spanish, wanted
weak Ger.
Name 2 things that brought about
the demise of the Armada.
wind, tactics, sea dogs
What was Coligny trying to get
Charles IX to do?
aid Prots. in Netherlands
What were Christian IV & Gustavus
Adolphus trying to gain territorially?
states in N. Germany (Holstein &
Brandenburg)
How did families like the Medicis &
the Fuggers exert their power?
lending $ to key people
Identify three key outcomes of the
Peace of Westphalia.
Swiss independence, Dutch
independence, Hapsburgs
loooooose, extension of Augsburg
(Calv.), Fr get territory
What Petition required the consent of
Parliament for all taxation?
Petition of Right
Name 5 guys from this unit who
believed in the divine right of kings?
Charles I, II, James I, II, Louis XIV
Why did the Scots rebel in 1637?
What did this force Charles to
do?
Charles & Laud were try to force
episcopal system on them, Call
Parliament
What was the role of the intendants?
supervise local activities for bur.,
keep eye on parlements
What two groups formed in England
toward the end of Charles II’s reign?
Who did each support?
Tories (king), Whigs (opposed to
king)
Whose policies pushed these two
groups together?
James II (attempt to assert absolute
authority, threat of RC)
Who was Louis XIV’s chief advisor
while he was a minor?
Cardinal Mazarin
What were the supporters of Charles
and the Parliament called,
respectively?
Cavaliers and Roundheads
Which of the Stuart monarchs was
most bent on absolute control of all
English institutions?
James II
Name two things that made Charles II
appear to be pro-RC.
love of ceremony, RC wife, support
for France & Louis XIV
What was the main military reason
the Roundheads were able to win the
ECW?
The prowess of the New Model
Army & holding most big towns &
ports
Name 2 things abolished by the
Rump Parliament.
House of Lords, Anglican Church
and the monarchy
What was Louis XIV’ main military
goal?
Secure borders in the Alps & at the
Rhine, ultimately expansion
What Act did Parliament pass during
the Restoration to keep RCs out of
government?
Test Act
How did most of Europe respond to
Louis XIV when he took Strasbourg in
1681?
Formed the League of Augsburg
What Code excluded both RCs &
Puritans from public life in England?
Clarendon Code
How did French nobility &
townspeople respond to Mazarin’s
continuation of Richelieu’s policies?
the Fronde
What action by Louis XIV caused the
emigration of 250,000 Huguenots and
the closure of Protestant schools &
churches?
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Name three things Louis XIV did to
glorify himself in the eyes of the
public.
Arts, army, ceremony, propaganda,
Versailles
What law required that English
imports be carried on English
ships? What nation was this
designed to hurt?
Navigation Acts, the Dutch
Republic
Identify three causes of the
commercial revolution.
needs of N-S, putting out, rising
pop., new industries, new
shipping/colonies,
Identify two rivalries that came
about as a result of the
Commercial Revolution.
Eng. vs. Spain, Spain vs. Dutch
What is the main goal of
mercantilism?
strengthen your economy at the
expense of another
Identify four components of
mercantilism.
tariffs, bullionism, colonies, sea
trade, support for industry,
exporting finished goods, full
employment, large population
Name 2 components of mercantilism
under Colbert.
develop resources, encourage
industry, high tariffs, French
imports on French ships, the
tailles
What 2 people rebuilt France after the
religious conflict?
Henry IV & duke of Sully
In which direction was Louis trying to
expand in the Nine Years War?
East, into Germany
What would Richelieu do to nobles
who refused to follow his reforms?
imprison, fine, execute
Why did Louis XIV never call the
Estates General?
source of power for nobility, didn’t
need them for $$$
What policy let Charles I rule without
Parliament?
the thorough
Who did the Whigs & Tories call to
throne in 1688?
Mary (Prot. daughter of James II) &
William III of Orange
What did William & Mary agree to
accept in the Glorious Rev.?
Bill of Rights & Constitutional
monarchy
Why would William be willing to
accept such terms that would limit his
power?
chance to be King of Eng. & oppose
Louis XIV
What did both James I & Charles I do
that the traditional nobility found
threatening?
Sold titles & offices
Who’s philosophy was “one king, one
law, one faith”?
Louis XIV
What French leader was determined
to suppress Protestants domestically
but willing to support them
internationally?
Richelieu
What Treaty gave Louis the keep to
put his grandson on the throne of
Spain?
Utrecht
What did the Treaty of Utrecht give
the English?
asiento & Gibraltar
Who was removed from Parliament in
“Pride’s Purge”?
Presbyterians who insisted on their
church system
Where did the Royalists go after
Charles I’s execution? What did they
do?
France, resisted Cromwell &
Commonwealth
Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV
invaded the Netherlands in 1670?
making fun, territory, had England
as an ally
Why did Charles I disband the “Short
Par”?
demanded redress of grievances
How did Cromwell rule the
“commonwealth” of England?
as Lord Protector over 10 districts
run by generals
Identify the 2 basic sides in the ECW.
Puritan Parliamentarians vs.
Anglican Monarchists
Name two of the devices used by the
Stuarts to raise funds outside of Par.
ship money, impositions, forced
loan, 1/4 troops
Where was Louis XIV looking to
expand in the war of Devolution?
Spanish Netherlands
In total, how many years was Louis
XIV at war with Europe off & on?
47 years
Who was determined to give
France peace & an improved
economy in the early 1700s?
Cardinal Fleury
What financial crisis crushed
French faith in public finance?
Mississippi Bubble Crisis
Why did he fail?
died too soon, Louis XV was a
fool
Name three general attributes of
eastern Europe.
agrarian, technologically behind,
authoritarian rule
What country bad declined by
1650 because of foolish
monarchs & decline of imports
from the New World?
Spain
What country had declined by
1750 because of political disunity
& overextension of their trade
empire?
The Netherlands
What industry did this country
remain dominant in?
banking
Which political group did George
I favor when he came to Britain?
Whigs
Which party supported a strong
monarchy, low taxes, and the
Anglican Church?
Tories
Who dominated control of the
House of Commons in the
1700s?
Wealthy landowning men
Who supported the Stuart
“pretenders” in the early 1700s?
Jacobites
Who rose to the office of Prime
Minister by solving the South
Sea Bubble crisis?
Robert Walpole
How did Walpole take executive
powers away from the
monarchy?
formation of the cabinet system
(treasury, military, etc.)
Name two countries whose
decay led to advances by
Prussia and Russia.
Poland and Sweden
What two countries fought in the
Great Northern War? Who won?
Russia and Sweden, Russia
Whose diet required unanimity
on all issues?
Poland
What agreement provided a
legal basis for Maria Theresa to
rule Austria?
Pragmatic Sanction
Which Hapsburg repelled Turks
& Louis & gained in Austria?
Leopold
Name two groups the Hapsburgs
forced into their Austrian Empire.
Italians from Lombard, Slavs,
Magyars
How well did the Pragmatic
Sanction work?
not very, the other European
powers did not honor it
What declining power in the east
allowed the Hapsburgs &
Hohenzollerns to fill the power
vacuum?
Ottoman Empire
Who received the title “King of
Prussia” in exchange for help in
the war of Spanish Succession?
Frederick I
What were the primary
characteristics of the Prussian
state?
Army & Bureaucracy
What was the primary
accomplishment of the Great
Elector?
Uniting the Prussian State
How does he accomplish this?
taxes to build army, Junkers
must go through him for power,
improve farming & industry
What three groups opposed
Peter the Great in his plans for
Westernization?
Boyars, Streltsy, & Church
How were the Boyars tamed by
Peter the Great?
Social standing determined by
job, shave-o-rama, loyal to
state first
Who revolted when Peter went
west?
Streltsy
How were the Streltsy tamed?
torture & execution, corpses on
display
Which Prussian king imposed
austerity and built the Prussian
army to 80,000?
Frederick William II
Why did the Hapsburgs decide
to focus on Austria?
decline of Spain, losses in 30
Years War
How did the Great Elector &
other Hohenzollerns keep the
Junkers in line?
best jobs in bur. & mil.
Who inherits Prussia’s army at
it’s peak and is ready to use it to
expand Prussian Power?
Frederick II
What are always Russia’s two
main assets?
people & resources
What did both the Hapsburgs &
Hohenzollerns grant the nobility
to curry favor?
domination of peasants & serfs
Where did Peter build his great,
superficially western, capital?
St. Petersburg
Name two ways that Peter the
Great reformed Russia’s army.
improved weapons, discipline,
outside officers, regiments,
western uniforms, “Go Russia”
t-shirts
What is Peter the Great’s
primary military goal?
warm water ports
On what sea is he able to
acquire these?
the Baltic
Name two steps Peter took to
improve Russia’s economy.
mercantilism, western craftsman,
industrial serfs, iron
How do the Russians defend
themselves against invasion by
Charles XII?
Draw him in & let him freeze &
starve
Why does Peter have his son
killed?
he opposed westernization
What were the three basic
classes of the Ancien Regime?
nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants
What country was famous for land
reclamation?
The Netherlands
Who introduced the new crop
rotation system that included turnips
and clover?
Charles Townshend
What were Jethro Tull’s two main
contributions to the Ag. Rev.?
iron plow and seed drill
Name 2 characteristics of NW
European families in the Ancien
Regime.
nuclear, married later, smaller
Where would you be living if you got
married at 17 had 10 kids and lived
with your aunts, uncles, cousins,
and grandparents?
SE Europe
What was the primary unit of both
production and consumption during
the Ancien Regime?
the family
What commonly caused urban
riots?
inflated prices, threat to
traditional right, unjust action
What group might encourage
peasants to riot against the
nobility?
Bourgeoisie
What group might encourage
peasants to riot against the
nobility?
Bourgeoisie
What are the two basic types of
Bourg.?
commercial/financial &
bureaucratic/professional
What did many “new” cities lack
that would have helped them
handle the influx of people?
infrastructure
What was the world population in
1750? What is is today?
3/4 billion - 6 billion
Why did landlords want to
enclose their lands?
higher bread prices, wanted to
force the use of new methods
What happened to many
peasants as a result of
enclosure?
cut loose from the land, forced to
look for other employment
Why did the Bourgeoisie resent
the nobility?
inherited legal rights & privileges
How was the average European
Jew treated during the Ancien
Regime?
non-citizen, lived in separated
area, discriminated against
Name one factor that may have
led to the population boom that
started in the mid-1700’s.
End of the plague, less warfare,
improved health
Name the two crops that were
introduced from the New World.
potatoes & corn
What are colonies supposed to
provide to the “home country”?
markets and raw materials
In what kinds of places did the
“new cities” spring up?
waterways, road hubs, sea ports
What are the two basic types of
Bourg.?
commercial/financial &
bureaucratic/professional
Where would you be living if you
got married at 17 had 10 kids
and lived with your aunts,
uncles, cousins, and
grandparents?
SE Europe
What was the primary unit of
both production and
consumption during the Ancien
Regime?
the family
What major movement did the
new science lead to?
New Philosophy
Who was the first to refute
Ptolemy?
Copernicus
How did Brahe’s opposition
benefit Copernicus?
Gave him publicity
Name Brahe’s assistant that
drew pro-Copernican
conclusions from Brahe’s work?
Kepler
How did the church respond to
Galileo’s support of Copernicus?
They condemned him
Who was the father of modern
philosophy?
Descartes
Who were the two great political
thinkers of the 17th century?
Hobbes & Locke
Who was the champion of the
empirical method?
Bacon
What was Newton’s major work?
Principia Mathematica
How does Newton unlock the
door to the rest of scientific
discovery?
universal gravitation was major
missing link
What was the main point of Don
Quixote?
a combination of realism &
idealism are important for a
happy life
What work and author described
the fall of Satan?
Milton’s Paradise Lost
Describe Shakespeare’s
political & social outlook.
Conservative
What work and author described
the effects of too much
Restoration Partying?
Bunyan’s Life and Death of Mr.
Badman
Identify 2 major influences on the
literature of the 17th century.
ECW, counter-reformation,
restoration, Elizabethan times
Who confronted both the Jesuits
& skeptics and argued for the
separation of religion & science?
Pascal
How did Hobbes’ absolute ruler
control his people?
Manipulating their fear of pain
and desire for pleasure
Who was the first scientist to
maintain that mathematical
relationships explain everything?
Galileo
What were the two of the main
influences on Hobbes & Locke?
ECW, Louis XIV & Glorious
Revolution
List two of Locke’s major beliefs.
blank slate, overthrow bad gov’t,
natural state is freedom, natural
rights: life, liberty & property
Who argued that the existence
of God was rational?
Pascal
Who are the three most
prominent philosophes?
Montesquieu, Voltaire, &
Rousseau
Why would you associate
Voltaire with our 1st
amendment?
he advocated basic freedoms
(speech, press, religion)
Who believed that people must
turn over their rights to a strong
ruler his rule would prevent
anarchy?
Hobbes
Who was Adam Smith’s chief
influence, and what system did
he attack?
physiocrats, mercantilism
Name the author and work that
discussed Laissez Faire
Economics.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
What did Smith believe humans
should do with natural
resources?
exploit them like crazy
In a laissez faire system, what
guides the economy?
the “invisible hand” or the
marketplace
What were the four most
formative causes of the
enlightenment?
print culture, need for reform in
France, Sci. Rev., success of
GB
Why did philosophes criticize the
church?
promoted evil acts, took
advantage of political position,
emphasis on superstition, didn’t
practice toleration
What form of government were
most of the philosophes most
comfortable with?
monarchy
What nation was most often
glorified by the philosophes?
Criticized?
GB, France
Who, according to deists, was
the divine watchmaker?
God
What did Montesquieu argue
was the best form of gov’t?
Three branch, separation of
powers
What is it about Montesquieu’s
background that influenced
these beliefs?
He was part of the noble
Resurgence after Louis XIV
Name three major beliefs of
Rousseau.
Society over individual, bend to
will, glorified motherhood,
experiential education (Emile)
How did women benefit from the
enlightenment?
emphasis on education,
saloneirs, glorification of
motherhood
Who criticized bigotry &
advocated free speech in works
like Candide?
Voltaire
Name three major outcomes of
the enlightenment.
AR, FR, Nappy, Enlightened
Abs.
Who was the ultimate
enlightened absolutist? Identify
two of his reforms.
Joseph II; seized church lands, =
taxation for all, = punishment
for all, abolished serfdom,
nobility out of bur.
Who tried to continue in Peter’s
footsteps as the westernizer of
Russia? What made his/her
position so precarious?
Catherine the Great, nonRussian, female, had to rely on
nobility
How did the goals of enlightened
absolutists differ from those of
the traditional absolutists?
They didn’t - just used
Enlightenment ideas
Name two “enlightened” actions
of Frederick the Great.
legal reform, reduce control over
peasants, agricultural reforms,
religious toleration
What was shocking about
Joseph II’s religious toleration?
He was a Hapsburg (very RC)
What brings Enlightened
Absolutism to a screeching halt?
the French Revolution
Why was the first encyclopedia
such a major undertaking?
first time any group tried to
compile “all” knowledge
If you had to sum up the
enlightenment in one word, what
would it be?
darn well better be reason
Why did Frederick II start the
War of Aust. Succession?
wanted Silesia, saw that M-T
was weak
What country held colonies in
the St. Lawrence & Ohio River
valleys?
France
Why was the war of Jenkins’ Ear
important?
Kick off to series of conflicts
How did Maria Theresa keep her
kingdom together during the War
of Austrian Succession?
Concessions to the nobility, esp.
the Magyars
What event marked a major shift
in traditional alliances (Fr. & Au.,
GB & Pr.)?
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
What war did this “Revolution”
lead to?
7 Years War
What action started the 7 Years
War?
Frederick II’s preemptive strike
on Saxony
Name two things the British
gained from the 7 Years War.
All of NA east of the Miss., trade
rights in India, disappearance
of France from colonial scene
What did GB do to keep the
French busy on the continent
during the 7 Years War?
Gave lots of aid to Prussia
How did GB try to address the
massive war debt they were left
with after the 7 Years War?
Taxing their colonists
What right were the British
abusing before the War of
Jenkins Ear?
asiento
Who were the 2 chief rivals in
this era of colonial expansion?
GB & France
What is an audencia?
A judicial council in the New
World
Who were the creoles and
peninsulares?
people of European descent in
the Spanish trade empire
(creoles born overseas,
peninsulares in Europe)
Who did George III turn to in an
attempt to increase the power of
the monarch?
the Tories
What cause did John Wilkes
associate himself with?
opposition to George III &
individual liberty
What institution did the Wilksites
want reformed?
Parliament
What problem did the 7 Years
War leave all of its participants
with?
war debt
How did increased demand for
sugar and cotton in Europe lead
to increased slavery?
plantation system demands it
What were the American
colonists originally trying to
protect when they revolted
against GB?
Rights as Englishmen
Where did Dutch trade influence
remain high in the 1700s?
Asia
How did the new gov’t created in
the differ from all previous
gov’ts?
Equality of all white men, no
aristocracy or social classes by
birth, no king
Name three causes of the
French Rev..
Food shortages & prices,
heavy taxation of poor, little
taxation of nobles & clergy,
bourgeoisie vs. clergy, nobles
List two reasons why the French
gov’t was in so much debt.
7 Years War, American Rev.,
War of Austrian Succession,
couldn’t tax upper classes
What group did the 3rd Estate
form when they left the Estates
General? What did they promise
in the Tennis Court Oath?
National Assembly, keep
meeting until they wrote a
constitution
What group did this become
when it was recognized by Louis
XVI?
NCA National Constituent
Assembly
What class were the reps of the
3rd Estate from?
Bourgeoisie
How did nobles react to the
Great Fear?
renounced their rights, cleared
way for Cons.
What did Louis XVI do to cause
the poor to storm the Bastille?
muster troops around Paris
What’s significant about who
was involved in storming the
Bastille?
Entrance of the popular masses
into the revolution
What kind of representation &
voting did the nobility want in the
EG?
Equal number of reps for each
estate & voting by order
What was the purpose of the
Dec. of Rights of Man and
Citizen?
Guiding statement for the Cons.
of 1791
Who got the franchise under the
Cons. of 1791?
Active citizens
What revolutionary faction was
more moderate and favored
Constitutional Monarchy?
Girondins
Identify a way in which Louis XVI
demonstrated his antirevolutionary sentiment.
muster troops, stall on Dec. of
Rights, flee to Varennes,
refractory clergy
Identify two components of the
Civil Cons. of the Clergy. What
impact did it have on the French
clergy?
elected clergy, reorganized
dioceses, seized lands; Split
them (refractory)
How did the Pope respond to the
CCC?
condemned it and the Rev.
Why did the women of Paris
march on Versailles?
food, make Louis agree to Dec.
of Rights
What were the chief concerns of
the sans-culottes?
food and representation
Which enlightenment thinker’s
ideas are most evident in the
French Revolution?
Rousseau
Name two components of the
economic reform under the
Cons. of 1791.
assignats, guilds banned, more
equitable taxation, laissez faire
What did the levee en masse call
for?
conscription, war production,
price ceilings
Despite their active participation
in the revolution, which two
groups were consistently left
out?
poor & women
What kind of reaction did the
invasion by Austria & Prussia
produce?
panic, fear, “invasion mentality”
What tool did the Convention
use to mobilize France for war?
levee en masse
Give two examples of occasions
when the Bourgeois
revolutionaries benefited from
the actions of the poor.
Versailles, Bastille, insurrection,
expulsion of Girondin, rev. army
What revolutionary faction was
more radical and favored a
republic?
Jacobins (Mountain)
How successfully did the
revolutionary republic deal with
war?
very
Why did the Convention try to
dechristianize France?
religion would get in the way of
the virtuous republic, second
authority
What two places did the Dec. of
Rights of man and citizen get its
ideas from?
Dec. of Ind. & Enlightenment
What did the Paris Commune
force the Legislative Assembly to
do?
step down and give way to the
National Convention (start of
the 2nd Rev.)
Identify two of Edmund Burke’s
criticisms of the Revolution.
revs have no gov’t experience,
democracy sucks (popular gov’t
can’t work)
What event led to the formation
of the Paris Commune?
the Paris insurrection of August,
1792 (attack on Tuileries)
Describe the politics and religion
of the countryside in comparison
with those of Paris.
more conservative and
traditional or devoutly RC
What was Robespierre’s
overarching (ultimate) goal?
republic of virtue
Name two steps he was willing
to take to achieve this goal.
dechristianize, suppression of
rights, massive bloody guillotine
death
What was the “white terror”?
backlash against the red
terrorists of Robespierre’s terror
How did Robespierre wind up
turning the blade of terror
against himself?
eliminated opposition without
cultivating allies
Describe the gov’t set up by the
Cons. of Year III.
Councils of Elders and 500
(leg.), Directory (exec.)
What did the Directory use to
maintain its power?
army over cons.
What did Babeuf claim in 1796?
Rev. has not gone far enough
What group benefited the most
in the end from both revolutions?
Bourgeoisie
Name three things women did as
participants in the revolution.
Society of Women,
spokespeople, Versailles,
fought in army
Put these in order: Nat.
Assembly, Convention, NCA,
Legislative Assembly, Estates
General
Estates General, Nat. Assembly,
NCA, Legislative Assembly,
Convention
What island did Napoleon come
from?
Corsica
What was his title when he first
took over the government?
First Consul
What document gave him this
power?
Constitution of Year VIII
Name to things he did to squelch
his opposition.
Centralize government,
execution, give them high
government posts, secret
police
What were the two main impacts
of the 100 Days?
peace tougher for France, kept
A,GB & F from fighting with P &
R
Who supported the Spanish
Guerillas against Nappy?
RC Church & GB (Wellington)
What foreign minister from
Austria comes to the fore at the
COV?
Metternich
How did Nappy benefit from the
French Rev.?
nationalism, military mobilization
Name two parts of the
Napoleonic Code.
civic equality, no guilds,
promotion based on merit, end
to social hierarchy, religious
tolerance
At what time was he at his
territorial peak?
1810-11
Where was his final military
defeat?
Waterloo
Who formed the Quadruple
Alliance against him?
GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
What was his reorganization of
the German states called?
Confederation of the Rhine
How did he bring an end to the
Ancien Regime?
spread ideals of Rev. across
Europe
What was the goal of the
Continental System?
Economic defeat of GB
Name two things that led to the
downfall of the Continental
System.
desire for luxury goods, British
blockade, lack of unity behind
Napoleon, desire to trade with
GB
Name two reasons the Russians
were pissed at Nappy.
Cont. system, marries Austrian
chick, Duchy of Warsaw,
controls Holland
What was the primary goal of the
Congress of Vienna?
Make sure that no one state ever
dominated again
What two places did Nappy wind
up in exile?
Elba & St. Helena
What two groups supported his
rise to power?
bourgeoisie & land owning
peasants
How was the war with Spain a
major problem for Nappy?
slow drain on resources
Name 2 reasons Nappy bit the
dust in Russia.
cold, starvation, scorched earth,
won’t give him big battle
Who was the Czar of Russia at
the time of Napoleon?
Alexander I
Where did he defeat the
Austrians to gain control of all
Italy north of Rome?
Austerlitz
What did Nappy declare in the
Berlin Decrees?
start of Cont. system, no trade
with GB
What did Nappy sell to TJ
because he needed cash for
war? (hint: cajun man)
Louisiana
Where was “Nappy a Muslim”?
Egypt
Name the British minister who
came up with a peace plan prior
to the COV and two parts of his
plan
Castleragh, Bourbons, buffer
states, Quad Alliance
What period of history did many
romantics look to for inspiration?
Middle Ages
What movement started in
Germany in response to Nappy
& the FR?
German Nationalism
What effect does Napoleon have
on the political power of the
Church?
greatly diminishes it
What type of government was
favored by the Congress of
Vienna?
Monarchy
How does the COV attempt to
isolate France?
sets up buffer states around it
How does the COV deal with the
Confederation of the Rhine?
leaves it, and Germany,
dissolute (not unified)
Which English writer typified
romantic revolt?
Byron
Who used an albatross to
symbolize a man’s burden?
Coleridge
Who was the most descriptive of
the romantic poets?
Keats
Who wrote the work in which a
man is freed from his deal with
the Devil?
Goethe
What is the key tenet of
Methodism?
inner spirit will lead to a Godly
life
What political/social event led to
a revival in Roman Catholicism
in France in the early 1800s?
French Revolution
Identify two beliefs of romantic
historians.
will of the great defines the
world, society is organic, thesis
vs. antithesis = synthesis