Transcript Crisis & Absolutism in Europe

Crisis & Absolutism in
Europe
World History
MR. HEAPS
Wars of Religion
The Protestant Reformation had given birth to
Lutheranism
___________, but by the mid 16th century, ___________,
Calvinism
which was based upon the doctrines of John Calvin, had
become the chief Protestant religion in Europe.
 By 1560, Calvinism & Catholicism had become highly
militant religions.
_________
 Both religions were aggressive, trying to win converts
_______
authority
and eliminate each other’s _____________.
hearts and _________
minds of
 This struggle for the _______
Europeans was the chief cause of religious wars in
Europe during the 16th Century.
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French Wars of Religion(1562-1598)
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These wars were also called the French ______
civil
wars.
Catholic nation.
France had long been a __________
French Kings had ____________
persecuted Protestants,
but were unable to stop the spread of
Protestantism.
7% of the French population was made up of
__________,
Huguenots who were French Protestants
influenced by Calvinism
These Huguenots, however made up _____
40 to
_____
50 percent of the nobility, or the ________
ruling
class.
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French Civil Wars (Cont.)
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Many Huguenots were members of the House of
__________,
Bourbon who were a family of rulers who long
ruled the southern French Kingdom of Navarre.
The House of Bourbon stood next to the _______
Valois
dynasty in the royal line of ____________.
succession What
do you think the religious preference of the Valois
dynasty was? ___________
Catholicism
This great percentage of Huguenots in the House
of Bourbon made the Protestants a threat to the
crown of France.
________
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French Civil Wars (Cont.)
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An extreme Catholic party called the _____ultra
___________
Catholics strongly opposed the Huguenots. To
do so, they __________
recruited & paid large armies.
Religion wasn’t the only issue of the French Civil
_________
Wars.
Towns & __________
villages who resisted the power of
________
the French monarchy were willing to assist the
weakening the monarchy.
nobles in ___________
The fact that so many nobles were __________
Huguenots
created a strong opposition to the king.
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Ending the French Civil Wars
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For _____
30 years, battles raged in France between
the Catholic & Huguenot sides.
Henry of __________,
Navarre political leader
In 1589, ________
of the Huguenots and member of the Bourbon
dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV.
Henry realized that he would never be accepted as
a ____________
Protestant king, so he converted to
____________.
Catholicism He realized that the only way
France would find peace was if he were a
____________
Catholic King.
tolerant
When Henry was crowned king, the ______
wars ended.
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The Edict of Nantes (1598)
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Prior to the crowning of Henry of Navarre, it was
illegal for Huguenots to worship publicly.
________
In 1598, as Henry IV of France, he issued the
Edict of ________.
Nantes
_________
This edict established the following in France:
Catholicism was the official religion of France.
 ____________
publicly could hold
 Huguenots could worship __________,
office had the right to __________,
assemble
public _________,
universities
and could attend public schools & _____________
in France.
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Phillip II: The Militant Catholic
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Phillip II of _______
Spain was the
son and heir of Charles V.
He was the greatest
supporter of _________
militant
Catholicism.
Phillip II, known as the
Most Catholic King led a
“_________________,”
Holy League to drive
Turkish _________
Muslims invasions
from Europe, and then he
focused his efforts on the
Protestants
__________.
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The Spanish Empire c. 1560
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What difficulties must Phillip II have encountered
trying to reign over such a vast empire?
Communication, travel, enforcing laws, collecting taxes.
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Phillip II: “Most Catholic King”
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consolidate
Phillips first major goal was to ____________
lands that he had inherited from his father.
Many of these lands had strong pockets of
Protestant
____________
resistance within them.
These lands included Spain, the Netherlands,
parts of Italy, the Americas, & the
Philippines which were named in his honor.
___________,
Phillip insisted on strict ___________
conformity to
Catholicism and to the strong authority of his
monarchy.
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Phillip’s Holy Wars
Phillip’s military power was
found in his _______
Spanish
Armada
_______, which was the
most powerful and
imposing navy of the 16th
century.
 Armada – fleet of ________.
warships
 With this fleet of warships,
Phillip was able to defeat
the Turkish navy off the
coast of Greece and halt
Muslim invasions into
________
Europe.
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Phillip’s Holy Wars (cont.)
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Phillip tried to crush Calvinism in the Spanish
____________
Netherlands (modern day Netherlands &
Belgium.)
Violence erupted when Calvinist nobles began to
statues in Catholic churches.
destroy religious ________
Phillip sent 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion.
William the Silent Prince of Orange,
Dutch leader, ________________,
offered great resistance to Phillip, which led to a 12
truce
year struggle that ended in a ________.
The Dutch provinces began to call themselves the
United Provinces of the Netherlands.
________________
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Phillip’s Conflict with England
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Elizabeth Tudor the small
During the reign of _______________,
island kingdom of England became the leader of
Protestant nations of Europe.
the ____________
Although the church of England under Elizabeth
moderate Protestantism, Elizabeth
practiced ___________
had angered Phillip by _______
aiding the Netherlands in
their revolt against Spain.
Elizabeth had also angered Phillip by allowing
English privateers like _______________
Francis Drake to seize
and plunder Spanish ships sailing to & from the
New World, stealing Spanish _______.
gold
Privateer - A ship authorized by a gov’t to seize
enemy ships. (Gov’t supported piracy.)
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Elizabeth I of England
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Henry VIII
Daughter of ____________.
Ascended the throne upon the
death of her half sister, Mary
Tudor, also known as
Bloody Mary for he
________
persecution and killing of
hundreds of Protestants.
Elizabeth’s sister, Mary, had
Phillip II of
married ___________
Spain. When Mary died,
Phillip felt that he had rights
to the throne of England.
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Elizabeth’s England
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One of Elizabeth’s first actions was to repeal laws
that favored ___________.
Catholics
Supremacy named Elizabeth as
A new Act of ____________
church & ________.
state
the supreme governor of _________
Approximately ______
half of Elizabeth’s subjects
were Catholics. How did she appease them?
The Church of England under Elizabeth
practiced __________
moderate Protestantism which kept
most people in England satisfied.
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Phillip’s Invasion of England
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Phillip’s decision to invade England was
encouraged by the ________________
excommunication of Elizabeth
by the Pope. Her ban from the Church made it
assassinate
necessary for practicing Catholics to ___________
or overthrow her monarchy.
The final motivation for Phillip to invade England
came with the execution of Catholic
_______________,
Mary Stuart Queen of Scots, who was heir to
the English throne.
assured him that the
Phillip’s advisers had _________
people of England would rise against their queen.
He knew that a successful invasion of England
would assure England’s return to _____________.
Catholicism
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada
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Phillip’s Armada set sail for England with less
_______
than he had planned.
ships & less _________
men
The Spanish ships faced opposition in the
English Channel from the English navy along with
_______________
Dutch & fierce Channel winds.
aid from the _________
The Spanish Armada was defeated in the English
Channel and headed northward around the coasts
of __________
Scotland & __________
Ireland where it was pounded
by fierce ________
storms which sank many Spanish ships.
The defeat of the Spanish Armada meant England
Protestant nation and would
would remain a ___________
sea power.
replace Spain as the dominant ______
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Economic & Social Crises in Europe
(1560-1650)
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One major economic problem in
Europe at this time was
____________,
inflation or rising prices.
Causes for this inflation included
the following:
 The great influx of _______
gold &
silver from the Americas
________
had caused prices to go up.
 A growing ____________
population
increased the demand for
land & _________
food
_______
driving
up the prices for both.
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“Magic” Hysteria in Europe
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The belief in _________
witchcraft had been part of
traditional village culture for centuries.
heretics in Europe was
The hunt for __________
eventually extended to concern about witchcraft.
During the 16th & 17th centuries more than
100,000 people were charged and executed,
__________
being accused of witchcraft.
common
The ones most often accused were _________
poor or without __________.
property
people, usually _______
women most of them
More than 75% were _________,
widowed and over _____
50 years
being single, ___________,
old.
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“The Last of the Religious Wars”
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By the 1600’s __________
Calvinism had spread to many
parts of Europe.
Calvinism had not been recognized by the Peace of
Augsburg in 1555.
___________
Politics, territory, & the fight against the spread of
Thirty Years’ war in 1618.
Calvinism led to the ______________
German soil, the Thirty Years’
Mostly fought on _________
War was the most ____________
destructive conflict that
Europeans had experienced.
The Peace of ____________
Westphalia officially brought the
war to an end in 1648.
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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Stated that all German states, including
___________
Calvinist ones, could determine their own
religion.
300 German states that had
The more than ______
made up the Holy Roman Empire were now
independent states.
recognized as ____________
Holy Roman
This brought an end to the ______________
Empire as a political entity.
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The Changing Face of War? (p218)
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Gunpowder was invented by the ____________.
The development of _________ during the 17th
century forever changed the face of war.
How many shots per minute could a flintlock
musket make?____ or _____ per minute.
What addition to the front of the musket made it
even more deadly?
The increased use of firearms, combined with a
greater mobility on the battlefield demanded that
armies be better _________ & _________.
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Revolution in England
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The______
Civil war in England was also known as
the English Revolution.
At the core of this revolution was a struggle
king & ___________
Parliament to determine
between ______
what role each should play in government.
Runnymede in
The Magna Carta, signed at ____________
absolute power of the
1215 had limited the ___________
English king, King John, and established
English Common Law.
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The Stuarts & Divine Right
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With the death of Elizabeth I in
Tudor
1603, the __________
dynasty came
to an end.
Stuart line of rulers began
The ________
with James I who believed in the
_____________
Divine Right of kings, or that
kings received their power to rule
from ______.
God
On the way to his coronation, James
I had a pickpocket sentenced to
________without
a __________.
death
trial
This would be the start of conflict
Parliament & the Stuarts.
between ___________
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The Puritan Parliament
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_________
Puritans were Protestants in England inspired
by Calvinism.
Puritans wished to make the church more
rituals
Protestants by ridding it of its Catholic ________.
gentry were Puritans and
Many of England’s ________
they formed an important part of the House of
Commons the lower house of Parliament.
_________,
When Charles I inherited the throne of England,
he was not wise, as he often ____________
alienated this
powerful group of Puritans.
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Son of _________.
James I Like his
father he too believed in the
________
Divine Right of Kings.
Charles was known to call
Parliament into session only if
he needed _________
money for war.
dissolved Parliament
He __________
and ruled England with
absolutism for ____
10 years.
Charles tried to impose more
rituals on the
Catholic _________
Church of England.
His actions as king led
civil war.
England into a _______
Charles I
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English Civil War
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Supporters of the King
were called __________
Royalists or
Cavaliers.
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Supporters of Parliament
were mostly Puritans
Roundheads
called _____________.
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Parliamentary
Leader of _______________
forces (Roundheads) during
the English Civil War.
New Model Army,
His _____________
Puritans
made up mostly of _________,
were highly trained &
disciplined in new military
tactics of the 17th century.
purged Parliament of
He ________
members who were not
supportive of him.
What was left of Parliament
Rump
was called the _______
Parliament.
Oliver Cromwell
& The Rump
Parliament
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With control of the Rump
Military Dictator
Parliament, Cromwell had
&
Lord
Protector
Charles I _________
beheaded on Jan.
of England
30, 1649.
 Parliament abolished the
__________
monarchy & House of ______
Lords
and declared England a
republic, or ______________.
commonwealth
 Eventually, Cromwell dispersed
Parliament by force and
established a military
dictatorship calling himself
_____________
“Lord
Protector” of England
_______________
until his death 10 years later.
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The Restoration
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About one year after
Cromwell died, Parliament
restored the monarchy with
Charles II
___________.
Charles II was sympathetic to
Catholicism and his brother
James, heir to the throne, did
not hide the fact that he was a
Catholic
___________.
Suspicious of their Catholic
leanings, Parliament
Exclusion
introduced the ___________
Bill, which would have barred
any Catholic from the throne.
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The World’s First Political Parties
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Whigs
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exclude
Wanted to _________
James II from the line
of succession in
England because he
Catholic
was __________.
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Tories
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Did not want to
interfere with the
_________
principle of lawful
succession to the
___________
throne of England.
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The Exclusion Bill was spoiled by
Charles II as he dismissed
Parliament
____________.
James II brother of Charles II,
_________,
became king of England and was
devout Catholic.
a ________
James II named Catholics to high
government
positions in the ___________,
navy & universities.
army, _______,
Due to the fact that James II was
an older man, and his successors
Protestant
were his ____________
daughters, Parliament did not
rebel against him.
James II
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The Glorious Revolution
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When James II had a ______
son with his second wife
in 1688, the possibility of a Catholic _________
monarchy
seemed likely to Parliament.
A group of English nobles in Parliament invited
Dutch leader, __________
William of Orange, and
the _______
his wife Mary (daughter of James II), to invade
England.
When the army of William & Mary arrived in
France with his wife &
England, James fled to ________
son. With no battles and no bloodshed, England
Glorious
had undergone a ____________
Revolution.
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The English Bill of Rights
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English Bill of Rights:
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In January of 1689,
Parliament offered the
William & Mary
throne to ______________.
Before they could accept
the throne, the had to sign 
a “Declaration of Rights”
also known as the English
______________.
Bill of Rights
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Parliament can make
laws & levy ________.
taxes
_______
Standing armies can be
raised only with
consent
Parliament’s __________.
Citizens have the right to
arms and the right
bear ________
jury
to a trial by ________.
This bill laid the
foundation for a limited or
_____________
constitutional monarchy.
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