Transcript Chapter 4
The Spanish Colonies Mr. Smith Battles over Claims The cross was a sign that the land had been claimed No one was left to protect the claim Often more than one country would claim the same land Spain was the first country that formed colonies to protect its lands Mexico City was the capital of New Spain New Spain Discovery of gold and silver increased the number of people to settle in New Spain Others came to start plantation In order to mine gold and silver and to grow crops, American Indians were forced into slavery New Spain, cont. Many thousand of Indians died from hunger, disease and overwork as slaves Bartolome de Las Casas, a landowner, became concerned with how the Indians were treated and freed his slaves As more Indians died, Africans were brought to work as slaves Settling the Borderlands Spanish soldiers built presidios in the borderlands In 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles built the first permanent settlement in St. Augustine Spain’s main aim in settling the borderlands was to protect its empire Spanish king sent missionaries to convert American Indians to Christianity Settling the Borderlands, cont. Missionaries built missions, religious settlements Some settlers built large estates, know as haciendas, in the borderlands The Spanish and the animals that brought changed life for many Indian groups Horses had the most dramatic affect on Indian life The Virginia Colony Mr. Smith The Lost Colony Queen Elizabeth of England told her sea captains to attach Spanish treasure ships England, like many of its European neighbors, wanted to set up colonies around the world In 1584, Queen Elizabeth told Walter Raleigh to set up a colony in North America In1585, Raleigh sent 100 colonists to Roanoke Island, in an area he named Virginia The Lost Colony, cont. Colonists did not stay long and returned to England when supplies ran low In 1587, John White let another group of settlers to Roanoke Island Supplies ran low, White returned to England for supplies. When he came back three years later, the settlers were gone Roanoke became known as the Lost Colony Jamestown Merchants set up the Virginia Company In 1607, 105 colonists built a settlement called Jamestown Location was a poor choice because the land was low and swampy Colonists did not plant or hunt for food and over half died in the first winter Jamestown, cont. Captain John Smith, the leader, made a rule; anyone who did not work, did not eat Colonists and conflicts with the Powhatan Confederacy, the local American Indians tribes located in Virginia Legend claims that Pocahontas save Captain Smith’s life after he was captured For a short period the groups cooperated by traded goods Growth and Change Every year many people died, but Jamestown grew because more colonist arrived every year Tobacco, not gold, made Jamestown successful By 1613, John Rolfe found a West Indian tobacco that became popular in England Colonist growing tobacco as a cash crop Growth and Change, cont. Virginia Company offered to pay for passage in exchange for work without pay People who took this offer were known as indentured servants In 1619, the first Africans arrived, not known if they were indentured servants or slaves In time Virginia’s economy relied more on enslaved workers Early Government By 1619, the Virginia Colony had more than 1,000 colonists Colonists set up a legislature to create laws and maintain order Virginia’s legislature was called the House of Burgesses Only men who owned land could vote or hold office Women, indentured servants and slaves could not vote or hold office Powhatan Wars In 1622, Powhatans attack and kill more than 340 colonists Colonists fought back and eventually took over the remaining land of the Powhatans The war and the debts of the Virginia Company led King James I to take over King James I appointed a governor to run the colony The Plymouth Colony Mr. Smith The Pilgrim’s Journey John Smith wrote a book called A Description of New England People who read his book wanted to move there to make money and others for religious reasons Years prior King Henry VIII banned the Catholic Church and created the Church of England Everyone in England had to belong to the church or be punished The Pilgrim’s Journey, cont. Some English people, known as Separatist, moved to the Netherlands In time Separatist became known as Pilgrims The Virginia Company agreed to pay the Pilgrims passage to North America in return for lumber and furs In 1620, Pilgrims left England on a ship called the Mayflower Mayflower Compact The Mayflower landed at Cape Cod To keep order all the men aboard the Mayflower signed a compact The Mayflower Compact gave all who signed the right to share in making laws The Mayflower Compact was a new idea of self-government and included the idea of majority rule Building a Colony In the first winter 50 of the 102 settlers who reached Cape Cod died In the spring the survivors met Samoset and later Tisquantum, or Squanto Tisquantum showed the colonist how to fish and plant crops He also help the colonist trade for furs from neighboring Indian tribes Plymouth Grows In the beginning little food was available so the harvest was divided equally among families In 1623, the leaders decided to divide the land among the colonist and they begin to prosper from farming, fishing and fur trading As new colonist arrive, earlier colonist had extra goods ready to trade After 1630, English colonists began to settle other parts of New England and push the Indians off their lands The French and the Dutch Mr. Smith New France France claimed land in present day Canada and the northern United States In the early 1500’s Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec In the 1630’s French Catholic missionaries began arriving New France, cont. Because missionaries and fur traders lived with the Indians they did not build permanent settlements In the 1600s, France only built 2 permanent settlements in North America, Quebec and Montreal New Netherland The Dutch began building settlements along the Hudson river The Dutch aim in establishing settlements was to gain profit from the sale of furs to Europe In 1621, the Dutch West India Company gained control over all fur trade areas in New Netherland New Netherland, cont. In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island from the Indians During the same year the Dutch began laying out a town and called it New Amsterdam New Amsterdam was built on a harbor where the Hudson River flowed into the Atlantic Ocean, the location was good for trade New Netherland, cont. In 1638, Swedish settles founded New Sweden just south of New Netherland In the late 1630s, conflict with Indians increased because more land was cleared for farming Colonist and Indians began attacking each other In 1645, after many colonist and Indians were killed, a peace treaty was signed Exploring New France As English and Dutch colonist move into New France, settlers fought over the fur trade Internecine, or conflicts, began among the Huron and Iroquois Indians over land Huron were allies with the French Iroquois were allies with the English and Dutch Exploring New France, cont. Fighting among the groups almost wiped out the Huron and destroyed the fur trade A Colony and a Capital