Transcript European State Consolidation in the 17th & 18th

European State Consolidation in
the 17th & 18th Century
AP EURO- Chapter 13
Age of Absolutism &
Constitutionalism in Western Europe
The Netherlands (The Dutch
Republic)
• The Dutch Republic
emerged as an
independent nation in
the mid 1500’s
The Netherlands (The Dutch
Republic 17th & 18th Centuries)
• Political organization:
• 1. Not governed by
absolute monarch
• 2. Political power in hands
of wealthy merchants
• 3. 7 Independent
provinces negotiated with
Central government
The Dutch Republic
• Europe’s leading
commercial power
during the 17th century
• 1. Dutch fleet largest
in the world
• 2. Overseas
commercial empire
• 3. Large urban
population
Dutch Republic – Commercial
Exports
• 1. Farming (beef, fish,
dairy, tulips)
• 2. Ship building
• 3. Textile production
• Johannes Vermeer“the Lacemaker”1669
Economic Prosperity in the
Netherlands (Dutch Republic)
• Dutch replaced the
Italians as the
“bankers” of Europe
• Amsterdam Exchange
Bank established 1609
• Johannes Vermeer- “Lady
with her Maidservant” ->
• Economic Decline18th century
Art During the Dutch Golden
Age – Johannes Vermeer
Art During the Dutch Golden
Age
• Johannes Vermeer
“Girl with a Pearl
Earring”- 1665-1666
th
17
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&
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18
Century
• England, France, Austria, Prussia,
Russia Established/Maintained:
1. Strong Monarchies
2. Standing armies
3.Efficient tax structures
4. Large Bureaucracies (appointed govt.
officials)
5. the Loyalty of their nobility
2 Models of Government
Emerged:
• 1. Parliamentary
• 2. Political
Monarchy:
Absolutism:
• England
• France
• Parliament & Monarch • Monarch should have
work together
unlimited power
• Parliament is
summoned by King
In England,
• Political model:
Parliamentary
Monarchy
• Parliament was
dominated by
landowners & nobles
• 17th & 18th century
“Age of Aristocracy”
1. James I (ruled:1603-1625)
• Believed in the
“Divine Right of
Kings”
• And Rarely called on
Parliament
King James I of England
• “ Kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon
earth, and sit on God’s throne, but even by
God himself they are called gods.”
• - King James I
The Duke Of Buckingham
• James I’s Favorite
noble
• Sold noble titles to
highest bidders
• The Nobility was
outraged!
James I
• Negotiated Peace with
Spain in 1604
• Parliament not happy
• 1624 England went to
war with Spain (again)
• Needed $ for war…
Charles I ( Ruled 1625-1649)
• Son of James I Became King 1625
• Raised taxes without
Parliament permission
• “Forced Loan” tax
imposed on English
property owners
• Imprisoned those who
refused to pay
Parliament’s Response 1628:
• Willing to approve $ for
king ONLY if he agreed
to the
• Petition of Right:
• 1. No forced loans –
”without consent by act of
Parliament”
• 2. No imprisonment w/o
due cause
• 3. No quartering of troops
in private homes
King Charles I
• Agreed to petition…
• But then dissolved the
Parliament in 1629
The Short Parliament
• King Charles forced to
call on Parliament in
1640 (April – May)
• Because he Needed $
for war against
Scotland
Parliament
• Refused to give funds until King Charles I
addressed a long list of grievances
• As a result…
• King Charles I dissolved Parliament
again!
Long Parliament (1640-1660)
• Scots defeated English
(summer 1640)
• King Charles I was
forced to call on
Parliament
• How will members of
Parliament react to
the king?
English Civil War Began
When… (1642-1646)
• Parliament
overthrew King
Charles I
• King’s Supporters =
Cavaliers
• Parliamentary
Opposition =
roundheads
Parliament Victorious
• 1. Formed an Alliance
w/ Scotland to
overthrow King
Charles I
• 2. Oliver Cromwell
led Parliament army
Charles I Was Defeated!
• and Executed in 1649
• 1619-1660 England
became :
• A Puritan Republic
• <- Oliver Cromwell
emerged as political
ruler / new military
dictator
Oliver Cromwell
• Conquered Scotland &
Ireland
• Disbanded Parliament
• Proclaimed himself
“Lord Protector”
• Supported by army
Oliver Cromwell’s Strict
Puritanical Moral Code:
• Prohibited:
• Dancing, gambling,
theatre going, alcohol,
sports, freedom of the
press
• People disliked
Cromwell’s strict,
harsh, Puritanical rule

Oliver Cromwell died in 1658
• English people
restored the monarchy
• Charles II became
King 1660 _
• His Father was
Charles I
King Charles II (ruled: 16601685)
• “Stuart Restoration”
• Leaned lessons from
past Kings- don’t mess
with Parliament!
• Tolerant of religious
groups,but favored
Catholicism
The Popish Plot, 1678
• Titus Oates swore
before a court…
• That Jesuits were
planning to kill
King Charles II!!
• And replace him
with his Catholic
Brother, James !
Accusation A Lie, However…
• 1. Stirred up antiCatholic sentiments
• 2. Parliament
believed Oates
• 3. Innocent people
tried & executed
for treason
As A Result,
• Catholics were
banned from
Parliament in1678
• Ironically, Charles
II converted to
Catholicism on his
deathbed (1685)
James II (R. 1685-1688)
• Brother of Charles II
• Unpopular monarch
• 1. Catholic =
controversial
• Why?
• 2. Absolute ruler
James II Repealed the
• Test Act – required
all civil & military
officials of the
crown to swear an
oath against the
doctrine of
Transubstantiation
Monarch vs. Parliament (again)
• Parliament was
upset, so…
• James II dissolved
Parliament!!
• Appointed
Catholics to high
positions in court,
army.
English People Fed Up With
Political Instability
• People wanted James
II ‘s Protestant
Daughter Mary to
succeed him…
• But then James II
HAD A SON…
The End of James II’S Reign
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An army was sent to depose him…
James II forced to flee -to France
1689 Parliament Proclaimed :
Mary II & William III King & Queen
“Glorious Revolution” – a bloodless event.
Parliamentary MonarchyEngland
• Power struggles between King &
Parliament 17TH Century.
• 1. James I (1603), Charles I (1625)
• 2. Oliver Cromwell ‘s Puritan Republic
(deviation from Monarchy (1619-1660)
• 3. Charles II (1660), James II (1685)
• 4. “Glorious Revolution” – William &
Mary, 1689
William & Mary Established
• Bill of Rights
• 1. Limited powers of
monarchy
• 2. Guaranteed civil
liberties for privileged
• 3. Monarchs subject to
law
• 4. Monarchs would rule
by consent of parliament
• 5. Prohibited Catholics
from occupying English
Throne
Making Connections…
• College of William & Mary
• Founded 1693 in Williamsburg, Virginia
(U.S.A.)
• Second oldest University in U.S.A
• Educated 3 Future Presidents :Thomas
Jefferson, John Tyler & James Monroe
College of William & Mary
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In France…
• French culture &
political power
dominated Europe
in the 18th century
Political Absolutism in France
• King had absolute power
• “French Absolutism”
Louis XIV of France
• Became King of
France 1643
• At age 4!
• Mother Anne of
Austria served as
regent
Anne of Austria Relied On…
• Italian Cardinal Jules
Mazarin to lead govt.
• Until Louis was old
enough to rule
• Both seen as
“outsiders” by French
In 1648 Nobles protested
• rising taxes
• Rebelled against the
crown
• Broke into 9 year old
Louis’ bedroom!
• Revolt = The Fronde
• The FRONDE meant to
limit the power of the
monarch, not overthrow
Louis XIV - 1661
• Became King
(officially) at age 23
• Ruled through
Councils
• Favored “new nobles”
• “new nobles” owed
him the favor, and
were loyal
“The Sun King”- Louis XIV
• “L’etat Ces’t Moi!”
• “I am the State”
• Demonstrated his
wealth, power, and
authority
Versailles Palace
• Louis XVI ‘s grand
display of Kingship
• Built between 16761708
• In Outskirts of Paris
• King Louis XIV
understood the impact
of visual imagery &
public image
Versailles
• Largest secular
structure in Europe
• Wanted to create the
grandest, most
luxurious Palace in all
of Europe
Versailles Gardens
•
Hall of Mirrors
•
Inside Versailles
•
Opulence, Luxury
•
Political Control…
• Versailles Housed
thousands of Nobles
• They paid “rent” to
live at palace
• Elaborate “court”
etiquette evolved
• “the place to be & be
seen”
A Day at Court of Versailles…
• 8:30am King awakens
• 10:00am King leads
procession to Mass
• 11:00am Council Meeting
• 1:00pm Dinner
• 2:00pm Hunting or
Promenade
• 6:00pm Social Gathering
• 10:00pm Supper
• 11:30 King Retires
King Louis XIV’s Economic
Policies
• Appointed Jean Baptiste
Colbert as Controller
General of Finances:
• 1.Promoted silk & tapestry
industry
• 2. Areas free of internal
tariff (tax)to enhance
trade
• 3.Expanded the military
• 4.Improved roads/canals
• 5. Supported French Trade
in North America
Religious Policies
• Considered religious unity
a necessity
• “One King, One Faith,
One Law”
• Revoked the Edict of
Nantes
• Campaigned against
Huguenots -Many left
France
• As a result , France lost
skilled laborers, business
leaders
French Arts & Sciences
• King Louis XIV
Supported writers such as
• 1. Racine = tragedies
• 2. Moliere= comedies
• Established academies
• Employed artists, artisans,
etc. during the
construction of Versailles
Absolutism in Eastern Europe
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Austria, Prussia, Russia gained prestige
Characteristics Eastern Europe:
1. Fewer towns
2. Almost no middle class
3. Economy mostly agrarian (serfs)
4. Monarchs had to work around landed
aristocracy
Russia
• Seen as “backward”
• Culturally isolated
form rest of Europe
• located on periphery
• Did not send
ambassadors to
Western Europe prior
to 1673
Peter the Great (ruled:1682-1725)
• 1682 ascended to the
throne at age 10
• He and brother Ivan
V named
• “co-rulers”
Peter the Great’s
• sister Sophia (yes,
that’s really her)
• Was named “regent”
• Wanted to rule Russia
and was Overthrown
in 1689
Peter the Great
• Became King in1689
at age 17
• He was 7ft. Tall!
• “Shared” crown with
Ivan (his brother) until
he died 1696
Modernization
• Peter became obsessed
with Western Europe
• They considered him
“crude”, “Backwards”
• Peter determined to
“modernize” Russia
Peter’s The Great
• Traveled extensively
throughout Western
Europe and learned
form what he saw
• Inspected shipyards,
docks, in England &
Netherlands
• Decided to built his
version of a “modern
city”
Established St. Petersburg
• A “modern” city in
Russia 1703
• Built under “horrible
conditions” -“the city
of bones”
• Became a Major sea
port
• With Access to Baltic
sea/trade
• 1712 became Russian
capital
St. Petersburg
•
Menshikov Palace
• Inspired by
• Western European
architecture & art
Peter the Great Urged
• The Boyars – old
nobility who
supported traditional
culture
• To adopt “Western
European Dress”
• And to do away with
“old ways”
• Example: beards!
“Western Policies”
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1. Conscription- drafted 130,000 soldiers
2. Developed Navy – constructed Baltic fleet
3. Established:
School of Navigation & Math, School of
Medicine, School of Engineering, School of
Science
• 4. Re-organized government
• 5. Established St. Petersburg, “Modern City”
Peter’s Son Aleksei
• Peter was jealous of his own son!
• He was convinced his son wanted to
overthrow him!
• Personally interrogated Aleksei
• Aleksei condemned to death
• Son “mysteriously died” 1718
Peter and the Russian Orthodox
Church
• Abolished position of
Patriarch (head of
church)
• Establishes Holy
Synod -several bishops
led by…
• Procurator General
Peter the Great
• Died 1725
• Left no clear line of succession
• 30 year power struggle began…
Absolutism in Austria
• 1. The Habsburg
Family Empire
• Ruled by title of King,
archduke, duke
• Ruled since the 1400’s
• Domains
geographically,
ethnically diverse
• Traditionally Catholic
Absolutism in Prussia
• 2. The Hohenzollerns
family
• Ruled Brandenberg –
Prussia since 1417
• Diverse population
and geographically
seperated