Transcript PowerPoint - Long Branch Public Schools

1800-1870
Chapter 25
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1798 – Bonaparte invaded Egypt
Quickly defeated Mamluk forces under Ottoman
control
Napoleon returned to France and named himself
emperor
French rule in Egypt
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didn’t understand the region
cut off from France by British in the Mediterranean
withdrew in 1801
Muhammad Ali
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1805 - took the place of the Ottoman
governor
1811 - took privileges and land from the
Mamluks
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adopted Fr. practices
sent forces against the Saudi Kingdom to take
Mecca and Medina for the Sultan
conscription (draft) used to replenish the army
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established military schools
even sent some officers to France for training
1824 – first newspaper in the Islamic world
Built factories
Forced farmers to sell crops at fixed prices
Made huge profits selling to Europe during the
Napoleonic Wars
Ibrahim
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Muhammad’s son
Took Syria
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British naval bombardments of Syria’s coast
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Egypt withdrew from Syria
Due to debt owed to the Br.
Limited his power
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Militarily and economically
Sultan Selim III
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intelligent ruler
created European style military units
strengthened the central government
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provincial governors under control of central govt.
tax reforms
these reforms failed
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janissary opposition
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against the creation of new military units
interested in preserving economic privileges
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sometimes military uprisings
 in Serbia
 janissaries were governors
 the people (especially Orthodox Christians)
complained that they were cruel rulers
 Selim planned to move them to Istanbul
 the Janissaries revolted, massacred
Christians in Serbia
Serbia gained independence
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ulama, or Muslim religious scholars, opposed reform
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distrusted secularization of law and taxation that Selim
proposed
Selim suspended his program in 1806
Military uprising and Selim was imprisoned then
executed
Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839)
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Selim’s cousin
began reinstituting the reforms
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Greek independence
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Greek nationalists fought for Greek independence from the
Ottomans
Even with the help of the Egyptians, the Ottomans lost
Was seen as Ottoman weakness
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Mahmud was able to make changes
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Trained a new artillery unit
Dissolved the Janissary corps
1839
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Serbian forces under Ibrahim Pasha attacked
The Ottoman Navy decided to support Egypt
Mahmud died
Tanzimat
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series of reforms
introduced by Abdul Mejid, Mahmud’s son
in 1839
endorsed by European ambassadors
public trials and equal protection under the
law
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whether Muslim, Christian or Jew
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equal eligibility for men to be drafted
changed the tax system, ended tax farming
Seen as “the dawn of thought and
enlightenment in the middle east.”
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Christians and Jews tended to be happier about
it than Muslims
Also seen as the beginning of unchecked
Authoritarianism when religious leaders
lose political power
Law overtime
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more and more secular
sharia became used only in matters of
family law
Education
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military school at Istanbul
became a university
1838 – first medical school
usually European teachers
French became the language of education
1831 – first Turkish newspaper
Military uniforms
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became more modern
no more facial hair
brimless hats so Muslims could touch their heads to
the ground
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the fez
European dress became fashionable
Traditional dress was seen as religious or
rural
All men became eligible for military
service, even non-Muslims
All of the Tanzimat reforms applied ONLY
to men
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family life was still based on the sharia
Economy
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silver from the Americas
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led to pay in cash rather than goods
women lost jobs to machines (weaving)
Women continued to be able to own and manage
property until the 1820s
Russia had been trying to take Ottoman land for
over a century
Russia claimed to be the protector of Orthodox
Christians in the Ottoman Empire
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felt they could claim them as subjects because Russia
helped the Ottoman Empire in 1833 when Syria was
being attacked by Egypt
1852 – Ottoman Empire named France
Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in
Jerusalem
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made Russia angry
they invaded
The Crimean War 1853-1856
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Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Italy, France
and Britain
Overpowered the Russians
The Eastern Question
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Who would control the Ottoman Empire???
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Britain did not trust Russia
Afraid they would keep them from India
Alliance
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Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire
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Stopped Russian expansion into Europe and
the Middle East
Effects
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Russian tsar was discredited
British Newspapers gave the impression that the
Ottomans did not fight well
French Newspapers increased unity between French
and Turkish culture
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transition from traditional to modern warfare
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high casualty count due to mechanized vs. nonmechanized
Ottoman economy became more integrated with
European commerce
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Ottoman gold coins were correlated to the British pound
Ottoman empire became urban
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Ottoman government became dependent on
European loans
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Low agricultural yields meant less money
Europeans were allowed extraterritoriality
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allowed to live in their own regions within
Istanbul and other commercial regions
were subject to European law rather than
Ottoman law
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1860’s and 1870’s
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Reform groups demanded a constitution
Wanted universal male suffrage
Young Ottomans
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Young urban men
Liberal
Wanted Ottoman independence from Europe
Modern views of Islam
Developed a constitution
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Was in effect from 1876-1877
Tsar Alexander (r. 1801-1825)
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Absolute ruler
Making reforms
Trying to improve industry
Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)
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Suspicion of modern ideas
1700 – 3% of people lived in cities
1850 – 6% lived in cities
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agricultural society
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major cities were seaports
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internal transportation was bad (like the
Ottoman Empire)
1817 – good roads began to be built
1843 steam ships on the Volga
1837 – began working on railroad tracks
This slow start compares to Egypt
many different languages
British help set up textile mills
Czar Nicholas I
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kept the peasants in serfdom
did not want educated people
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afraid of western ideas of revolution
did not want a middle class to oppose him
fear of change kept him from truly
modernizing the country
continued to buy manufactured goods and
export raw materials
Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Cyrillic
alphabet made Russia more like European
nations
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not as foreign as Arabic
Westernizers wanted technical advances
and govt. reform
Slavophiles believed in the tsar’s absolute
rule
Pan Slavism, a militant doctrine wanting
all Slavs to join together
Russophobia developed in the west
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Russia seen as a geostrategic threat
British opposed serfdom
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serfs were released in 1861
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Russia began expanding east and
southward
Inferior army compared to Europeans, but
were more advanced than Asian armies
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1860 – developed a military port on the
Pacific at Vladivostok
took over many territories with different
languages and religions
created political friction with Qing China, Japan,
Iran, and the Ottoman Empire
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partially due to refugees into those areas
Britain afraid of Russia getting all the way to British
India
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Had contact with western Europe since Peter the
Great (r. 1689-1725)
Some knew European languages
Peter the Great encouraged Western style education
systems
Some wanted to free the serfs
Alexander I died in December 1825
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reformers tried to revolt and take over the
government
the Decembrist revolt failed
Russia was forced to return lands to the
Ottoman Empire after the Crimean war
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how embarrassing!
Alexander II (Nicholas’s son)
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emancipates the serfs in 1861
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gave them property rights
authorized joint stock companies
railroad system
education expanded
political activism was prohibited
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authors still wrote books that encouraged
liberalism and socialism
 The Qing had brought stability to China in the 1600s
 Rulers had encouraged agricultural growth and
improvement to the road and canal systems
 1650-1800, the population doubled
 Increased population led to strain on the land and a
large homeless population
 Minority populations began to resent the government.
 Internal conflicts fought by city militias swept through
China in the 1800s.
 European and Americans merchants were
making fortunes smuggling Opium into China
 The western powers were using silver gained from
this trade to fund industrialization
 The Qing made opium illegal, but addiction
spread to all levels of society
 The Qing banned the importation of Opium in 1839
 The British saw this as a threat to their economy
 They sent a naval fleet to the south China coast,
beginning the Opium War.
 The Bannermen, or traditional hereditary soldiers of the
Qing Empire, were found to be obsolete.
 The Chinese foot soldiers were no match for the well
armed British Navy.
 They even used gunships that allowed them to travel up the
Yangzi River
 The Treaty of Nanking
 Ended the Opium War
 Opened four more treaty ports in addition to
Canton
 The island of Hong Kong became a British
colony
 British residents in China gained
extraterritoriality rights
 Britain also received Most Favored Nation
Status
 1860 – a new treaty legalized the import of opium
 Foreign missionaries were allowed to travel easily
throughout China
 More treaty ports were established
 Small colonies formed in Qing territory
 Foreigners built neighborhoods, bars and
restaurants and prohibited the Chinese
 Christian missionaries sponsored hospitals,
shelters, and soup kitchens
 Still, some Chinese viewed the Christians as
evil
 Civil war
 Spurred by social unhappiness and foreign intrusion
 Began in the Guangxi region
 Unstable agriculture
 Social divisions
 Hong Xiuquan
 Founder of the Taiping movement
 Saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus
 Felt God had sent him to build a new kingdom by
removing the Manchus from power
 Soon had followers that believed they could walk
on air
 They said the Manchus were creatures of Satan
 Became a militaristic movement
 The Taipings took Nanjing and called it the capital
of their “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”
 Qing response
 Had to rely on civilian and professional
military
 Began to use modern weaponry
 The Taipings were able to hold Nanjing for
over a decade
 1856 – Britain and France
 Done with the Crimean War
 Should they stop the Taipings?
 Should they attack the Qing?
 1856 – the British and French begin to attack the coast
of China
 The Arrow War (1856-1860)
 Eventually they join with Qing forces and stop the
Taipings
 The Taiping Rebellion aftermath
 Bloodiest civil war before the 1900s
 Between 20 and 30 million dead
 Mostly of starvation and disease
 Also, a lot of material and cultural destruction
 The Qing were in great debt
 Britons and Americans worked for the Qing as advisers
and ambassadors
 Provincial governors became more powerful
 A Qing emperor continued to stay on the throne, but
true power rested with the local governors and China
was broken into large zones of power