Transcript Imperialism in Africa notes part I PowerPoint

Imperialism
Africa
Without consulting the people of Africa, the nations of
Western Europe took control of Africa between 1870 and
1914.
I.
Why? – Reasons for imperializing Africa
A. Nationalism: increased power and prestige by
winning an overseas empire
B. Economics
1. Industry wanted new markets for products and
2. natural resources to use in the making of products
**Draw “new markets” and “natural resources” next
to “B” **
C. Humanitarian and religious concerns
1. Missionaries wanted to Christianize native peoples
2. Belief in the superiority of the white race. Westerners
believed it was the “white man’s burden” to carry the
benefits of Western Civilization to other parts of the
world
“Why” Continued
D. Social Darwinism
1. “It is natural for stronger nations to conquer weak
peoples”
Which reason for imperializing Africa is reflected in the
pictures below?
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II. “How” – The way that imperialism takes hold in Africa
A. Explorers make the public aware of economic
opportunities in Africa.
1. David Livingstone (1860s): minister from Scotland
searching for the source of the Nile River. He was
thought to be dead after no one heard from him for
a long time.
2. Sir George Goldie (1870s): Went to Africa and
established the Niger River trade. His Royal Niger
River Company was chartered by the British
government giving them political and economic
control over part of Nigeria.
Explorers: Sir George Goldie
David Livingstone
“How” Continued
3. Henry Stanley: a reporter hired to go find Livingstone.
He did find him, and the result was the famous quote,
“Doctor Livingstone, I presume?” resulted. He
returned to Africa on behalf of King Leopold II of
Belgium and signed treaties with chiefs in the Congo
River Valley. Belgium then had control of those areas.
Explorers: Livingstone and Stanley
Stanley
meets
Livingstone
“How” Continued
B. New Technologies
1. Cures/preventions were found for malaria and other
diseases (quinine was used to protect people from
mosquito-born malaria). This meant that Europeans,
who normally got sick, could travel inland.
New Technologies: Quinine and
Other Disease Fighters
Malaria
mosquito
Malaria Distribution: 2003
Red = possible extended
distribution by 2050 (suitable
climate)
“How” Continued
2. Westerners had military advantage
a. Europeans had rifles and maxim guns
b. Africans had, at best, muskets
musket
New technologies: Europeans
carried rifles and had the Maxim gun
“How” Continued
3. Easier travel because of the steam engine (could go
upstream to bases of control)
C. Internal forces
1. Huge variety of languages and cultures meant a lack
of unity. It was easy to play the countries leaders off
each other.
E.g.: “Hey, that tribal leader over there told me your
mama had a face like a horse…”
“Really?! I hate him! Let’s attack him!”
“Where” – Places Imperialized in Africa
III. “Where” -- Places Imperialized in Africa
A. North Africa
1. Egypt
a. Muhammad Ali (NOT the boxer) made Egypt into a
strong nation
1) more efficient farming
2) irrigation canals built – dry lands could be farmed
3) cash crops – exports
4) he brought in experts to set up shipyards, etc.
5) he invited the French to train his army
b. Britain gains control of Egypt, and they justify taking
over Egypt because
1) Egypt was in debt to Great Britain – Great Britain
said they needed the money
2) Great Britain said they were only protecting the
Suez Canal
Egypt
Muhammad Ali
“Where” Continued
2. Sudan
a. The Fashoda incident
1) Great Britain and France both began to conquer
the Sudan (Great Britain wanted a continuous strip
of territory from Cape Town to Cairo, and the
French wanted an overland route from the Red Sea
to the Atlantic). They met in the town of Fashoda
on the Nile in the northern Sudan and faced off.
France finally gave up and accepted part of the
Sahara as compensation.
2) After the Fashoda Incident, Europeans realized
the very real possibility that overseas rivalries
could drag them into war – they needed to TALK
out the issues
The British arriving in Sudan
Sudan today
“Where” Continued
3. Algeria
a. France attacked Algeria
b. They attacked because Charles X was in trouble at
home and they wanted to divert attention away from
what was happening in France (Charles was Louis XVI
and Louis XVIII’s brother – he was ruling France and
wanted to restore the monarchy to the way it had been
before the French Revolution).
c. Even though Charles X was kicked off the throne, the
French kept Algeria
Algeria: Charles X of France
Women of
Algeria
“Where” Continued
4. Ethiopia – RESISTENCE! (remained independent)
a. Menelik II made Ethiopia strong enough to resist
Italian invasion.
1) Improved education
2) Played European powers off each other (Italians,
French, and British)
3) Let inaccurate maps and false information go to the
Italians
4) Bought modern weapons and trained his army well
5) Successfully defeated the Italians
Ethiopia:
Emperor
Menelik II
“Where” Continued
5. Morocco
a. European nations used Morocco as a pawn in their
political maneuverings
b. Great Britain and France had an agreement: Britain got
Egypt and France got Morocco. The Germans object, and
get land in central Africa as compensation. The Spanish
and French divided Morocco into protectorates….
Morocco doesn’t get its independence until 1957.
** Off to the side in your notes, write all the European
countries that wanted power in Africa **
Destruction of Morocco by Great
Britain and France: cartoon drawn
1896
“Where” Continued
B. West Africa and the Slave Trade
1. Some African became slaves to other African people
because…
a. Prisoners of war became slaves
b. Some people sold themselves into slavery for food
and shelter during a famine
c. Some societies took slaves to increase the population
2. The Transatlantic Slave trade was different
a. Some African sold slaves to Europeans – they traded
for guns, ammunition, and manufactured goods. This
was called the slave-gun cycle
3. After slavery was outlawed, patrol ships took some
slaves to Freetown in the colony of Sierra Leone to
free them
4. Former slaves from the United States emigrated to
Liberia
Transatlantic Slave Trade
200-500 Africans at a time were
transported on a slave ship.
Approximate total of slaves 1501-1866:
12,521,336
Imperialism Part II – Where?
I. West and Central Africa
A. The Congo
1. Stanley convinced King Leopold of Belgium to
begin settlements along the Congo River.
2. What resources were European companies
allowed to exploit in the Congo?
ivory, rubber, copper, minerals
3. Three ways the people of the Congo free State
were exploited:
* Forced to work long hours
* If they failed to produce enough, hands
and ears were cut off
* Wives imprisoned
The Congo and Belgium
The Congo Continued
4. The population decreased by half in the Congo
Free State between 1885 and 1908
5. There was one group of people who spoke up
against the exploitation and forced the gov’t.
to investigate: missionaries
6. The name of the country changed from the
Congo Free State to Belgium Congo
B. African Resistance
1. Europeans got African rulers to give them
power by persuasion, force, bribery
2. After agreements were signed, the Europeans
largely ignored them. If African rulers resisted,
troops were sent in to crush them
3. Samouri Toure of what is today Senegal
resisted for 7 years
4. King Benhanzin of Dahomey (Ghana) also
resisted
Samouri Toure
II. Southern Africa
A. The Zulu
1. The Zulu Empire was northeast of the
Orange River
2. The ruler of the Zulus was King Shaka, and
he had a strong military. Europeans were
surprised to see 80,000 Zulus forming into
regiments. Why were they surprised?
They could not imagine that “savages” could
be so disciplined.
3. King Shaka improved Zulu fighting methods
by replacing long spears with short, stabbing
swords
Southern Africa – King Shaka
“Strike an enemy once and for all.
Let him cease to exist as a tribe or
he will live to fly in your throat
again.”
B. The Boer War
1. The Boers were descendents of the Dutch
2. In 1806, the British controlled an area called
Cape Colony.
3. The Boers and the British didn’t get along.
The Boers felt the British threatened their way
of life:
English was the official language; they
abolished slavery (the Boers thought slavery
was ordained by God)
4. In response to British rule, the Boers headed
north in a vast migration. This migration was
called the Great Trek
Boer fighting men and
diplomats
5. When the Boers tried to take Zulu lands, neither
side won. The British got involved.
6. In the late 1800s, the British became interested
in two Boer republics. Why?
Gold and diamonds had been discovered
there
7. The British decided they needed to control all of
South Africa. Why?
There was a sea route to India
8. The Boers and the British fight, and the British
win
9. Eventually, the Boers regained control of South
Africa through a majority vote. However, a
British suggestion was overruled by the Boers.
What was this decision? British wanted to give
Africans the right to vote.
British artillery
being moved
into position
during the Boer
Wars