Transcript World War I Ends November 11th, 1918

World War I Ends
th
November 11 , 1918
Determining a Peace Settlement
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
World War I – the Death Toll
Country
Mobilized
Killed
Wounded
Total
Casualties
Australia
330,000
59,000
152,000
211,000
64%
Austria-Hungary 6,500,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
4,820,000
74%
France
7,500,000
1,385,000
4,266,000
5,651,000
75%
Germany
11,000,000
1,718,000
4,234,000
5,952,000
54%
Great Britain
5,397,000
703,000
1,663,000
2,367,000
44%
Italy
5,500,000
460,000
947,000
1,407,000
26%
Japan
800,000
250
1,000
1,250
0.2%
New Zealand
110,000
18,000
55,000
73,000
66%
Romania
750,000
200,000
120,000
320,000
43%
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
6,650,000
55%
Serbia
707,000
128,000
133,000
261,000
37%
Turkey
1,600,000
336,000
400,000
736,000
46%
USA
4,272,500
117,000
204,000
321,000
8%
These numbers are estimates, no numbers are universally agreed upon.
Deciding the fate of Germany
• The Big Four at Versailles
Left to right:
Georges Clemenceau,
France
Vittorio Orlando, Italy
David Lloyd George,
Britain
Woodrow Wilson, USA
Woodrow Wilson’s The 14 Points for Lasting
Stability and Peace to Europe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between
powers
Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and
war
Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as
custom duties should be removed
Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their
armed forces to the lowest possible levels
Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in
their future
Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever
government it wanted and that government should be accepted,
supported, and
Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated of foreign military forces
and restored to the situation before the war.
Woodrow Wilson’s The 14 Points for Lasting
Stability and Peace to Europe
8. France - should get back Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken
during the war.
9. Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to
nationality
10. National Self-Determination - The national groups in Europe
should, wherever possible, be given their independence.
11. Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia - Should be evacuated of
foreign control and Serbia should have an outlet to the sea
12. Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future
13. Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an
outlet to the sea.
14. League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be
formed to protect world peace in the future.
‘The Kaiser has abdicated. Abdication of the Crown Prince.
Ebert becomes Chancellor.’
How and why did the ‘Big Three’ want to punish Germany?
Germany had to accept
total responsibility for
starting the First World War.
this was called the War Guilt
Clause or Article 231.
Germany had to pay $30
billion (about 2.7 trillion
today) in reparations to cover
war damages and other
Allied losses.
These were called reparations.
Germany had to hand over
some 70,000 square
kilometres of land.
This accounted for about 13%
of all of her land and six
million of her people who
lived there.
Germany was to have her
colonies taken away from her.
These colonies were to
become mandates run by the
Allies on behalf of the
League of Nations.
The German army was to
have no more than 100,000
men and the navy was limited
to 15,000 sailors.
There was to be no airforce
and no submarines.
The German navy was only
allowed six battleships and
Germany was forbidden to
buy any more weapons and
other war material.
An Allied Army was to occupy
the Rhineland for a period
of fifteen years.
No German troops were to be
allowed into the occupation
zone.
Terms of the treaty
Click here for the Terms
Damage
Germany
economically
Damage Germany
militarily
Damage
Germany’s pride
Terms of the treaty
70,000 sq km of land was
taken away from Germany
No overseas colonies
Germany’s army was reduced
to 100,000 men
She was not allowed an air
force
She was allowed only 6
battleships and no
submarines
Allied troops to occupy the
Rhineland at all times
Germany had to accept full
responsibility for starting
the war.
Germany had to pay £6,600
million in reparations
Damage
Germany
economically
Damage Germany
militarily
Damage
Germany’s pride
The Treaty seemed to satisfy the "Big Three" overall.
• It made sure that Germany was too weak to start another
European War, yet strong enough to help stop the spread of
Communism.
• It kept the French border with Germany safe from future German
attacks.
• It created the League of Nations. This would help promote peace
and trade throughout the world.
Germans hated the treaty, especially Article 231 which blamed
them for starting the war.
Many Germans also thought the financial penalties that the treaty
imposed upon their country and her people to be immoral and unjust.
The German Government that had agreed to the treaty became
known as the "November Criminals“.
Many German citizens felt that they were now being punished for
the mistakes of the Kaiser and German government of August
1914 who had started the war as well as the government of 1919
that had signed the treaty that brought peace.
A German view of the
Treaty of Versailles
David Lloyd
George, Britain
Georges Clemenceau,
France
How do the Germans view the
Treaty of Versailles?
Germany
Woodrow
Wilson, USA
How have the leaders of each
country been portrayed by this
cartoonist?
How do you think this treaty will
affect Germany’s relationship
with other European countries?
The League of Nations
• Goal = prevent future conflicts by solving
problems diplomatically (talking things out)
• USA never joined because public and Congress
did not want to be involved in European
problems
• Had no real authority to enforce anything
• Result = a weak and ineffective organization,
unable to prevent another war
The Mandate System
• Mandate – an authoritative order or
command.
• A nation officially governed another nation
as a mandate on behalf of the League of
Nations but did not own the territory.
The Mandate System
Divided parts of the
Ottoman Empire into
French and British
mandates
Britain and France
were meant to
oversee the
development of new
countries in the
Middle East
1. In which year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
2. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to
retain under the treaty?
3. How much land was taken off Germany within Europe?
4. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies
in reparations?
1. In which year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1919
2. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to
retain under the treaty?
3. How much land was taken off Germany within Europe?
4. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies
in reparations?
1. In which year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1919
2. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to
retain under the treaty?
100,000
3. How much land was taken off Germany within Europe?
4. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies
in reparations?
1. In which year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1919
2. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to
retain under the treaty?
100,000
3. How much land was taken off Germany within Europe?
70,000 sq km
4. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies
in reparations?
1. In which year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1919
2. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to
retain under the treaty?
100,000
3. How much land was taken off Germany within Europe?
70,000 sq km
4. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies
in reparations?
1. In which year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1919
2. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to
retain under the treaty?
100,000
3. How much land was taken off Germany within Europe?
70,000 sq km
4. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies
in reparations?
£6,600 million