Transcript Fin de siècle “end of the century”

This background cartoon shows
imperialism: every country wants a
cut of land during the Fin de Siècle
Fin de Siècle
Leading to War
“end of the century”
and the Balkan
Powder Keg
Legend:
Bold means important term/ fact
= interesting tidbit
Kevin Lu
Period 5
Background
• Alliance between Great
Powers weaken
• Due to political and
economic rivalries (fall
of Ottoman Empire,
Crimean War, AustroPrussian War, FrancoPrussian War) 
destroy Concert of
Europe (the balance of
powers in Europe
settled at the
Congress of Vienna
after 1803 – 1815
Napoleonic Wars)
• Hence, breakdown of
balance of powers and
diplomacy
http://www.worldology.com/Europe/pre_w
orld_war.htm
Background continued.
•
•
•
•
Growing sense of distrust
 armaments
territory disputes
nationalism (independence, patriotism,
preserve culture and religion)
• each country wants to prove dominance
by gaining land/ asserting spheres of
influence
• Culminates in formation of defensive
“system of alliances”
Now, let’s see the situation for the important
European players before WWI
Current state: industrialized, united, careful
to not upset other countries under Otto von
Bismarck, but 1890, Kaiser Wilheim II take
over with aggressive global ambition
Triple Alliance: Germany | Austria-Hungary | Italy
Germany
Prelude:
• before 1871 = loose confederation of independently-ruled
territories; Prussia is largest (Background)
• Chief minister Bismarck unites Germany
- Acquires territory of Schleswig-Holstein (in Austro-Prussian War
1866) and Alsace-Lorraine (in Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871)
- Asserts pressure on Austria by excluding Austria from Zollverein
Prewar:
- Germany = unified, major European power
- Goal after unification: security
- Congress of Berlin (1878) – led by Bismarck, stabilize Balkans,
restrain Russia, Ottoman Empire weakened -> key diplomacy
(Chambers 822)
- Form web of alliances for security, isolate France through Triple
Alliance (1882) with Austria-Hungary and Italy
- Reinsurance Treaty (1887) with Russia under terms:
- Russian remains neutral if war between Germany and France,
Germany remains neutral if war between Russia and AustriaHungary (Chambers 823)
Difference between
Imperialism vs. Colonialism
Colonialism = practice, like
building houses on newly gained
land
Imperialism = idea
Triple Alliance: Germany | Austria-Hungary | Italy
Germany continued.
- Alienate British whenOrigins
congratulate
leaders
of Boer
Wars“A
of German
nationalist
catchphrase
(1896) (Chambers 824)
sign thatcolonialism
they will not ally
theearly
Sun” in defending
Place in
“The days when Germans granted one neighbor the earth, the
other the sea, and reserved for themselves the sky, where pure
doctrine
reigns….
those days
over…. we do Bismarck
not want to put
German
Kaiser,
Wilheim
IIaredismisses
anyone in our shadow, but we also demand our place in the sun.”
Bottom Line:
- new belligerent
in 1890  things go downhill
– Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow 1897 (Gehrz)
- replace Bismarck’s conservative
foreign policy (realpolitik) with
- Kaiser(Weltpolitik)
Wilheim II used the phrase his 1901 speech about
“weltpolitik” (world policy)
becoming the naval stronghold in Europe:
- imperialism  want
territory, hostile demand of French
spite
of the fact
we have noannexation
such fleet as we
Congo in exchange“In
for
agreeing
tothat
France’s
ofshould
have,
we have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will
Morocco (Chambers
825)
now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall
- refuses to renew treaty
with
Russia possession, in order that the sun's rays
remain
our undisputed
mayBritain
fall fruitfully
upon ourarms
activityrace
and trade
in foreign
- competes against Great
in naval
(begin
to parts,
that our
industry
and 1900)
agriculture may develop within the state
build
ships
after Germany
Navy
Law
British
postcard
depicting
and our sailing sports upon the water, for our future lies upon
what
would happen
if army because it is bordered by France and Russia
- Largest
land
the water. The more Germans go out upon the waters, whether
Germany took the “place in
it be in
races or regattas,
whether it be
in journeys
-the aggressive
foreign policy
alienates
all countries
except
foracross the
sun”
ocean, or in the service of the battle flag, so much the better it
Austria-Hungary
http://mrshellshear.wikispaces.com/World+War+One
will be for us.” (Modern)
Current state: weak democracy, aims
to avenge loss of Alsace-Lorraine
Triple Entente: France | Russia | Great Britain
France
Grand Guignol – Paris
theater of horror
entertainment, fascination
with morbidity, reflect the
urbanized, revolutionary
spirit (lasting impact of
the French Revolution).
Life is no longer centered
around religion.
Prelude:
• rebuilding after losses of Napoleonic Wars and FrancoPrussian War
• colonizing Africa
• thinks of Germany as a threat
Prewar:
• France forms alliance with Russia in 1894, after new German
leaders break Reinsurance Treaty (Chambers 824)
• First Moroccan Crisis 1905:
– Background: French army moves in 1903, other countries
agree
– 1905 Kaiser Wilheim angry with alliance → wants to break
up, humiliate France → national conference at Algerciras
– Result: countries support France who retains interest in
Morocco (Chambers 825)
– Importance: solidify alliances (France and Great Britain)
and enemies (disaster for Germany, only support from
Austria-Hungary)
Build Eiffel Tower (1889)
http://www.asso-trinity.org/Trinity-Arts.php?affiche=Le%20Grand%20Guignol%20:%20acte%20un,%20histoire%20et%20r%E9pertoire
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTwaltz.htm
France continued.
Translation: Lorraine and Alsace is ours!
By popular artist Jean Jacques Waltz
Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
• Background: France intends to annex Morocco
• French troops in Morocco, Germany incited that France broke the
treaty that ended First Moroccan Crisis
• sent gunboat Panther to port Agadir to test the bond between Great
Britain and France (Chambers 825)
• Want French Congo in exchange for accepting France's control over
Morocco (Chambers 825)
• Result: Great Britain come to France's aid, some land is given to
Germany
• Importance: further solidifies Great Britain and France's alliance,
and Europe's distrust of Germany (Chambers 825) Learn more
Bottom Line:
• Wants to regain lost land of Alsace-Lorraine from Germany
• Bound to Russia by treaty
Current state: tsar Nicholas II
weak leader, influenced by “mad
monk” Rasputin, lose war to Japan
1904
Triple Entente: France | Russia | Great Britain
Russia
Prelude:
sink Russianby
fleetCrimean War  isolation, had to regroup and
-Japan
Depleted
impose influence
- Global ambition: wants warm water port (Russian)  wants
to gain Balkan lands - imperialism
- vast, but divided
Russian postcard in 1914
- Mostly peasants, slow industrialization depict nailing German eagle
to post  shows hate
Prewar:
- Humiliated by loss of Russo-Japanese War in 1905
- Internal revolution 1905 (caused by terrible work
conditions, 11 hour work days, little wages) “Bloody
Sunday” (Tsar) Read more
- Largest army force in number, but lack of equipment,
backwards
Bottom Line:
- Protector of Slavs (Chambers 827)
- Intact treaty with the Serbs, can’t let Austria-Hungary
control Balkan
http://www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htm
http://www.indiana.edu/~jia1915/war/weather27.html
Current state: democracy that
lived in “splendid isolation”
Triple Entente: France | Russia | Great Brita
Great Britain
Reasons for Splendid Isolation:
1. Keep balance of power (as long
Prelude:
as no ‘superpower’, it’s okay to
- Aligned with France in Crimean War, wantstay
to prevent
Russia
out
from expanding it influence over strategic location of Ottoman
2. Focus on protect its overseas
Empire (ironic: join Russia in alliance later)
territory with its large,
- prosperous middle class → unrestrained, seek
to “live
powerful
navy life to the
fullest”
- period
ofguns
decadence
and degeneration after the Industrial
12-inch
on British
Dreadnought,
motto of
Revolution
(Livesey)
public: “We want eight, we
- “Splendid
Isolation” = foreign policy of neutrality
won’t wait!” (Wilde)
Prewar:
- Naval arms race with Germany – build powerful Dreadnought
battleship in 1906 (Chambers 825)
- Revolutionize naval warfare
- Tied to nationalism and imperialism
- Fastest of its time (steam turbines) and first warship with
big guns
- Winner of race!
Invasion Literature: Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) and H. G. Wells’ The
War of the Worlds (1898) example of people’s fear of foreign invasion |
Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
(1886) – reflect fears of moral degeneration
http://rashmanly.com/2012/10/16/dracula-to-feed-on-television/
http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_12-45_mk10_pics.htm
http://pausaiz2.blogs.uv.es/political-discourse-paper-1/introduction-tothe-war-of-the-worlds-science-fiction-and-historic-facts
Joining the War Efforts
- All countries enforce
conscription – draft young
men to serve in army
(Encarta), except for Great
Britain which only had
feels threat of volunteers for the army.
Reason: believe its superior navy
other countries
can protect the island shores
Great Britain continued.
Bottom Line:
• Ends isolation when it
Germany and its navy,
colonizing  future trade conflict,
France and Russia allying
• 1904 Entente Cordiale with France
(over concern of Germany’s global aim)
which gains Morocco, and Britain rules
Egypt (Chambers 824-825)
• 1907 Triple Entente with France and
Russia
• When entering war, its dominions
including South Africa, India, Canada,
Australia offer help
http://www.personal.psu.edu/kmm6044/blogs/big_macs_first_blog/2011/04/april-8th-britain-and-france-signentente-cordiale.html
http://mrshellshear.wikispaces.com/World+War+One
England has many dominions
as seen in this cartoon
Triple Alliance: Germany | Austria-Hungary | Italy
Austria-Hungary
Father of
Psychoanalysis,
Sigmund Freud (1856
- 1939) begins his
early work, realm of
“unconscious mind”
Prelude:
• weak after loss to Prussia (Austro-Prussian
War 1866)
• multinational empire–each group wants independence
Prewar:
• 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia, anger Serbia and Russia
• Form alliance with Germany because of fear of Russia
Bottom Line:
• fear Serbia will control land, invade unprepared,
worst scenario: Russia comes to Serbia's aid
Italy
*Italy signed a treaty saying it only joined the war efforts in “defense”, but
Italy deemed the efforts “offensive”  neutral, however in 1915, join Triple
Entente
Balkan Powder Keg
Prelude:
• Balkan Land: turbulent area of
southeast Europe (see map) –
mountainous peninsula, ethnic/
religious/ cultural differences
cause disputes, oppression,
driven by nationalism
• Ottoman Empire decline, nickname
“sick man of Europe” (The
Balkans)
• formation of independent Serbia,
Romania, Montenegro
• Russia want outlet to
Mediterranean, Great Britain
opposes because of fear of
Russia's dominance
• Austria wants to expand
Where does term “powder
keg” come from?
Hundreds of years of political and
ethnic conflict → instability and
wars, source of contention in
Europe, all it needed was a “spark”
to “explode” into war, that spark
was ultimately provided by the
Great Powers
http://www.worldology.com/Europe/pre_world_war.ht
Balkan Powder Keg continued.
Prewar:
• 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia → Serbia and Russia furious at Austria's
expansion
• 1912 First Balkan War: {Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro} wage
war on weakened Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman lose most European land by March 1913, 4 countries split up
land
•
– Austria shocked and angered by Serbia's land gains
– 1913 Great Powers draw up peace treaty in London – reduce Ottoman Empire,
divide up land between {Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro}
– Serbia asks Bulgaria to readjust their territorial gains... Trigger…
1913 Second Balkan War
– Bulgarians attack, but lose because
Serbia has allies (Greece, Romania, Turkey)
(Chambers 823)
– Serbia divides the area → confident,
nationalistic fervor
– only problem: enemy Austria
Bottom Line:
- Example of imperialism, nationalism
http://www.worldology.com/Europe/pre_world_war.ht
Culmination
Immediate cause of WWI, the “spark”:
- June 28, 1914:
- Assassination of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand – heir to
Austria-Hungary throne – in
Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) by
Serbian “Black Hand” nationalist
- Austria-Hungary takes this
opportunity to crush Serbia and
assert influence over the Balkans
by declaring war
- Russia comes to Serbia’s rescue
- Austria-Hungary looks to its ally
Germany
- Chain of events, ultimately dragging
all alliances into war through
association with those involved
- July 28 1914, Austria declare war on
Serbia
Black Hand/ Union or Death: Serbian
Terrorist Society
Prelude: Austria gain control over Bosnia
and Herzegovina from Turkey at Treaty of
Berlin (1878) – multi-ethnic population
When Austria annex Bosnia in 1908, incite
Serbs who want the land
Formed in 1911
Goal: free Serbians from Austria’s control,
using violence if necessary
By 1914: 2500 members
After hear of Archduke’s visit, begin training
3 young Bosnians  bid for war, didn’t
expect world war
Learn more about Black Hand and the
assassination
(Shackelford)
http://www.funfront.net/hist/wwi/outbreak.htm
http://www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htm
Part 1
Part 2
A Picture is
worth a
thousand
words:
Cartoon
explanation
of how war
started:
http://dhaimasmart.girlshopes.com/causeofwwi/
[Click slide to continue cartoon]
Summary of Causes of WWI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWIchartX.
Long-term causes of WWI:
•
•
•
Pictorial Summary of Causes
Entangling network of alliances: Ironic that the “defensive”
system of alliances that was suppose to deter war resulted in
chain reaction bringing everyone to war
Imperialism
Nationalism (Yellow Journalism, Propaganda, Oppression of certain
groups)
Bitter historical grievances (i.e. France lost Alsace-Lorraine to
Germany)
Militarism – ready for war, 300% increase in $$$ spent on main
European countries (Shellshear)
Chain of Friendship
Rivalry
in wealth, trade, land, industry
cartoon
Did you know WWI was called the “Great
War” during the time? “The war to end
all wars” as novelist H.G. Wells put it.
Pretty safe to say he was right.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWI-Causes.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chain_of_Friendship_cart
Significant Figures
Otto von Bismarck (1815 – 1898)
• Iron chancellor (‘blood and iron”)
• status quo, conciliatory foreign
policy after unite Germany
Tsar Nicholas II (1868 –
1918)
• Ineptness leads to unrest,
food shortage, strikes,
revolution
Kaiser Wilheim II (1859 – 1941)
• Loses Russo-Japanese War,
• Militarist, meddles with Bismarck’s
growing working-class with
stable foreign policy  bad relations terrible work conditions (->
with other countries (i.e. breaks
Bloody Sunday) cause
Russian tie, makes enemy out of
tension at home, he loses
France in Morocco Crisis)
support (Tsar)
•
•
Love of the navy  naval arms race
with Great Britain
Aggressive support of Austriahttp://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/bismarck.html
Hungary
http://schoolworkhelper.net/tsar-nicholas-ii-and-his-effects-on-the-russian-revolution-of-1917/
http://monarchus.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/hello-world/
Quiz
Answers:
1. d;
2. e; 3.
c; 4. d;to
5. d;
Click
next
6. see
e; 7. d;
8. e; 9. b;
answers!
1. Which country was not in the
Triple Entente by 1914?
2. What is not a cause of
WWI?
3. Which country had the most
powerful navy by WWI?
a) France
a) imperialism
a) Russia
b) Russia
b) alliances
b) France
c) Britain
c) militarism
c) Great Britain
d) Germany
d) nationalism
d) Germany
e) mercantilism
e) Italy
10. b; 11. b;
4. What was Russia's role
after Austria-Hungary declare
war on Serbia?
5. What is the significance of
the First and Second Moroccan
Crisis?
6. Which country made first
declaration of war?
7. What countries make up
Triple Alliance in 1907?
a) Serbia
a) Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece
a) as protector of the Slavs,
immediately wage war on
Austria-Hungary's ally
Germany
a) end bloody rebellions in
Morocco
b) France
b) France, Russia, Great Britain
b) France is humiliated by
Germany
c) Germany
d) Italy
c) Russia, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
b) ally with France to attack
Serbia
c) Germany gain land through
imperialism
c) aid Austria-Hungary
d) solidify Great Britain and
France alliance
d) aid Serbia
e) Austria-Hungary
f) Bosnia
e) neutral, secure its own
borders
e) Germany annexes Morocco
8. During the Balkan Wars,
which Balkan nation came out
as a strong, nationalistic
power?
9. What is not an event leading
up to World War I?
10. What was Britain’s foreign
policy during fin de siècle?
a) Bosnian Crisis
a) containment
b) Boxer Rebellion
b) isolationism
c) Second Balkan War
c) interventionism
d) First Moroccan Crisis
(Algeciras)
d) War on terror
a) Albania
b) Bosnia
c) Bulgaria
d) Greece
e) Serbia
e) Second Moroccon Crisis
(Agadir)
e) Disengagement
d) Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
e) Germany, France, Great
Britain
11. Who was the bellicose
German kaiser who dismissed
Bismarck and began weltpolitik
foreign policy?
a) Friedrick III
b) Kaiser Wilheim II
c) Leopold I
d) Franz Ferdinand
e) Kaiser Wilheim I
More Info
• Really good powerpoint giving overview of Balkans from past to
present:
http://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/1.%20The%2
0Balkans%20-%20PowerPoint%20overview.pdf
• Causes of WWI
http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist111/WWI.html
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/gcselinks/modern/revision/wwir
evision.pdf
• Detailed Pre-1914 timeline
http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1914m/willnick/timeline.htm
• Learn more about Kaiser Wilheim II’s aggressive actions
http://www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI3.htm
Works Cited/Bibliography
“Background to the War Nobody Won: World War I, 1914-1918.”
<http://iws.collin.edu/kwilkison/Resources%20for%20Students/WWI.htm>. Web. Feb. 20 2013.
Clare, John. “Background to the War.” <http://www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htm>. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.
Chambers, Mortimer. The Western Experience. 9th ed. New York: Knopf; [distributed by Random House, 1974.
Print.
Gehrz, Chris. “Germany’s Place in the Sun.” <http://pietistschoolman.com/2011/12/06/germanys-place-in-thesun/>. Dec. 6 2011. Web. Feb. 18 2013.
Livesey, Ruth. “Fin de Siècle” <http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199799558/obo9780199799558-0030.xml>.Web. Feb 18 2013.
“Modern History Sourcebook: Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Place in the Sun, 1901”
<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1901Kaiser.asp>. Web. Feb 18 2013.
“Russian Where Angels Fear to Tread.” <http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/russo_japanese/>. Web. 15 Feb
2013.
Shackelford, Micheal. “The Black Hand.” <http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/blk-hand.html>. Web. Feb.
15 2013.
Shellshear, “World War I.” <http://mrshellshear.wikispaces.com/World+War+One>. Web. Feb. 15 2013.
“The Balkans – Many People, Many Problems.”
<http://www.historians.org/projects/giroundtable/Balkans/Balkans3.htm>. Web. Feb 15 2013.
“Tsar Nicholas and the Great War and the Effects on Russia.”
<http://it.stlawu.edu/~rkreuzer/pburdick/Tsar_Nicholas_and_the_Great_War.htm>. Apr. 30 2003. Web.
Feb. 20 2013.
“’Weltpolitik and Its Consequences”
<http://revolutionizingawareness.com/2011/01/30/weltpolitik%E2%80%99-and-its-consequences/>. Jan 30 2011.
Web. Feb 18 2013.
Wilde, Robert. “The Anglo-Germany Naval Race.” <http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/worldwar1/a/The-AngloGerman-Naval-Race.htm>. About.com Web. Feb. 15 2013.
“World War I.” <http://www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/WWI/encarta.htm>. Web. Feb 15 2013.