Transcript EUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

EUROPE IN THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY
SOL.WHII.7-The student will demonstrate
knowledge of political and philosophical
developments in Europe during the nineteenth
century by
a) assessing the impact of Napoleon and the
Congress of Vienna, including changes in
political boundaries in Europe after 1815;
b) describing the influence of revolutions on the
expansion of political rights in
Europe;
c) explaining events related to the unification of
Italy and the role of Italian
nationalists.
d) explaining events related to the unification of
Germany and the role of Bismarck.
Other Revolutions
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In 1804, half a million slaves from Haiti revolted and became
the first black republic to declare its independence. They
were led by Toussaint L’ Ouverture.
The French Revolution had a huge effect on the island. In
1793, representatives of the French Revolutionary
government in Paris offered slaves freedom if they joined
them to defeat those who opposed the French Revolution.
When Napoleon came to power, he tried to return France’s
colonies to the plantation system.
Toussaint’s troops fought against the French and on May 7,
1802, he signed a treaty with the French that said there
would be no more slavery.
• 3 weeks later, troops seized him and his family and
shipped them to France. There he died of pneumonia
on April 17, 1803.
Legacy of Napoleon
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Napoleon was ultimately unsuccessful at
attempting to unify Europe under French
domination. He set the state for 19th Century
Europe to take place.
He also set up a code of laws called the
Napoleonic code.
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It is considered the first successful codification of laws
in Europe and influenced the laws of other countries. It
was a major step in establishing the rule of law.
Nationalism became a force in Europe.
Nationalism is the love of one’s country.
The Congress of Vienna
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After Napoleon’s
defeat, many
European rulers
wanted to restore
the old order.
The powers that
attended were
Great Britain,
Austria, Prussia,
and Russia.
The Congress of Vienna
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They met in Vienna in
1814 to make a peace
agreement. The leader
was Klemens von
Metternich of Austria.
– Metternich tried to
lead by the principal
of legitimacy, which
meant that monarchs
from royal families
should be restored to
positions of power.
This would be the
way to peace and
stability.
Congress of Vienna
• At this meeting, the
powers rearranged
Europe, hoping to make
a new balance of
power. They did not
want any country to
dominate Europe.
– One way they did
this was to give new
territories to Austria
and Prussia. (see
attached map)
Map of Congress of Vienna
Political Philosophies
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Conservatism
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Based on tradition and social stability.
Conservatives favored obedience to political
authority and favored organized religion.
These were crucial to order.
They hated revolutions and did not like
representative governments
Political Philosophies
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Liberalism
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Based on Enlightenment
Principles.
People should be free
from government
interference.
Wanted to protect civil
liberties!
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equality
freedom of assembly,
speech, press
religious toleration
separation of church
and state
right of peaceful
opposition to
government.
favored government
ruled by constitution.
Political Philosophies
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Nationalism
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Came from awareness of one’s
community, traditions, and language.
People should be loyal to their nation
rather than region.
Each nation should have its own
government.
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strong ally of liberalism. Conservatives tried
to crush both.
Revolutions of 1848
Another French Revolution
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Economic problems
caused the people to
overthrow the French
monarch.
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A republic was
established and universal
male suffrage was the
way leaders were
elected.
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On November 4, they set
up a Second Republic and
Louis-Napoleon
(Napoleon’s nephew) was
elected president.
German States
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Germany was made up of 38
independent states and
many began to call from
constitutions, free press,
and jury trials.
The Frankfurt Assembly
was formed to prepare for a
united Germany. The
assembly, failed, though
because it could not enforce
its laws.
Revolutions of 1848
Central Europe
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In 1848, Metternich
was dismissed and a
liberal constitution was
formed.
Hungary was given its
own legislature, but it
was eventually
abolished by Austrian
forces, with the help of
Russia.
Italy
– There were 9 states in
Italy. Revolutions broke
out in reaction to
Austrian control of the
territory. The liberals
divided and Austria
regained control
Italian City States
Unification of Italy
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In 1850, Austria was the
dominant power in Italy. People
began to look to Piedmont for
leadership in the unification of
Italy.
Camillo Cavour was the Prime
Minister of Piedmont. He
supported liberal reforms and
the unification of Northern
Italy.
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He tried to expand
Piedmont economically by
expanding trade. This
would help him support a
large army.
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He knew that they were not
strong enough to defeat
Austria so he made an
alliance with LouisNapoleon of France.
• Cavour tried to provoke
the Austrians to war in
1859 by building up the
military.
Northern Italy Unites
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In 1859, the Austrians invaded Piedmont.
Louis-Napoleon did not expect the Italian
states of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma to
unite against Austria.
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He backed out of the war and formed a peace
treaty with Austria.
The final result was France was given Nice and
Savoy and Lombardy was given to Piedmont.
The Austrians retained Venetia, however.
The people of northern Italy continued to rebel
against Austria and Parma, Modena, and
Tuscany joined Piedmont.
Southern Italy Unites
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Inspired by Northern
Italy’s successful
rebellions Giuseppe
Garibaldi raised an army
of 1000 volunteers to
unify southern Italy.
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Sicily and Naples (The
Kingdom of Two Sicilies)
was ruled by France.
Garibaldi’s forces helped
to lead a revolt in Sicily
in 1860.
They soon crossed over
to the mainland and
marched up the Italian
peninsula, taking the
entire Kingdom of two
Sicilies.
Unification is Complete
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In March of 1861, Garibaldi turned his army over
to Piedmont and a new kingdom of Italy was
proclaimed.
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King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont was named the king
of the new Italian state.
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In 1866, Austria and Prussia fought in the AustroPrussian War and Italy joined with the Prussians.
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Total unification was not complete, though because Venetia
was still held by Austria. Roma was still held by France.
Prussia won the war and Venetia was given to Italy
In 1870, French troops withdrew from Rome
during the Franco-Prussian war. Rome was
annexed and became the capital of a totally
unified Italy. Italian unification had take 12
years!!
Unification of Germany
Beginnings of Unification
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Germans began to look to Prussia for
leadership in unifying the 38 German
states after the Frankfurt Assembly failed.
Prussia was known for its strong
militarism.
Otto Von Bismarck
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In 1862, King William I of
Prussia appointed Otto Von
Bismarck as Prime Minister.
– Bismarck is known as a
practitioner of
realpolitik. “the politics
of reality”
• He based his politics
on practical matters
instead of theory or
ethics.
– Bismarck believed the
state, not the people,
should hold authority.
– The Legislature of
Germany opposed his
attempts to build up the
military, but Bismarck
ignored them. “Germany
does not look to
Prussia’s liberalism, but
her power.”
Bismarck’s Foreign Policy
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To achieve unification, Bismarck had to drive
Austria out of the German confederation and
overcome Austrian influence in the states. It
took three wars to achieve these objectives.
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The Danish War
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Between Denmark and Germany, there were two small
states called Schleswig and Holstein.
The Danish King Christian IX took the throne and
annexed both these states.
Both Prussia and Austria joined together to prevent this
and after defeating Denmark, they could not agree who
would own the states.
Finally, it was decided that Prussia would take
Schleswig.
Bismarck’s Foreign Policy
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The Seven Weeks’ War
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Bismarck knew a conflict with Austria was
coming soon. He persuaded Napoleon III of
France to remain neutral and formed an
alliance with Italy. He, then, provoked a war
with Austria by annexing Holstein.
Prussia had superior technology and
defeated the Austrians in only seven weeks.
The Treaty of Prague dissolved the German
Confederation and gave Holstein to Prussia.
The Northern German Confederation was
formed.
Bismarck’s Foreign Policy
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The Franco-Prussian War
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The Southern German States still refused to united with
the North.
France, meanwhile, was weary of the strong Northern
German Confederation.
In 1870, there was a dispute between Prussia and
France over who would take the Spanish throne. King
William sent a letter to the French king and Bismarck
changed it to make it insulting.
» This letter was published in France, angering the
king so bad that he declared war on Prussia.
» The Southern German States were quick to unite
against France.
Prussia beat France in a few months. France lost Alsace
and part of Lorraine.
Final Unification of Germany
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On January 18, 1871,
representatives of the
German states met at the
Palace of Versailles near
Paris. They declared a
formation of the German
Empire under a federal
form of government. .
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The Prussian capital of
Berlin was declared
capital of Germany.
Bismarck was named
chancellor and was given
the nickname “Iron
Chancellor”.
King William I was named
Kaiser, or emperor.