Transcript Selected Political Events in 19th Century Europe

Nationalism: a strong feeling of pride in (and
often a belief in the superiority of) one's country
The Latin American nationalist and independence movements
were inspired by the success of the American Revolution
Prior to the revolutions, social classes divided Latin America
-Inspired by the successful American Revolution
- Social classes divided Latin Americans
- Peninsulares: European born Spaniards and Portuguese who held
all of the important governmental and administrative positions
- Criollos (often misidentified as creoles): descendents of Peninsulares
who were born in the New World who owned land and business and
were often wealthy, but were seen as second class citizens
- Mestizos: mixed blood people who worked as servants and laborers
- Frustrations with the class system led to rebellion against Spain and Portugal
- Peninsulares would come to the New World, drain Latin America of
its wealth and resources, and then return home
- Criollos felt powerless to change the system as it existed
In 1803 Francois-Dominique Toussaint-L’ouverture, an
Hispaniolan slave, overthrew the French colonial government and
created the first independent Latin American nation
On September 16th, 1810 Father Hidalgo delivered
“El Grito de Dolores” and the Mexican Revolution began
British
Colombia
By 1823 all former Spanish colonies in Central America were independent
- Most of Latin America became independent following revolutions
between 1807 and 1825
- Hispaniola (now Haiti): in 1803 Francois-Dominique
Toussaint-L'ouverture led a slave rebellion against the
French and Haiti became the first independent Latin
American country
- Mexico: On September 16, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo (a
criollo) sparked a revolution against the Spanish when he
gave his speech "El Grito de Dolores"
- Central America: by 1823 all former Spanish Colonies in
Central America were independent
Latin American can
never be free if
Spain has any
influence here!
Yah – what he said!
José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar (both criollos)
are hailed as the Liberators of South America
Liberated By Simón Bolívar
- Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador (1811)
- Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia (1824)
- Peru (1824) with assistance from Martín
Liberated By José de San Martín
- Argentina (1810)
- Chile (1817)
- Peru (1824) with assistance from Bolívar
Granted independence by the prince regent
- South America: José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar (both criollos) are
hailed as the Liberators of South America
- Martín and Bolívar believed that no South American country could be
free if Spain had any influence in the New World
- Countries liberated by Martín
- Argentina (1810)
- Chile (1817)
- Peru (1824) with assistance from Bolívar
- Countries liberated by Bolívar
- Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador (1811)
- Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia (1824)
- Peru (1824) with assistance from Martín
-Brazil was granted independence by the local Portuguese prince regent in 1822
Prince Metternich

Britain ignored the Concert of Europe’s decision to isolate
the Latin American countries and support Spain. Instead, they
began trading with the new nations immediately.
James Monroe
U.S. President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine,
which banned any further attempted colonization by the Europe
- Britain ignored the Concert of Europe's decision to use
troops to restore Spanish control of the Americas and
began to trade with the new countries immediately
- The U.S. issued the Monroe Doctrine banning further
colonization in the Americas
The nationalist revolts in Italy in 1848 failed to create a
unified Italy, and by 1850 Austria dominated the Italian Peninsula
Piedmont
King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont and his prime minister
Camillo di Cavour decided they needed protection from Austria
So Victor Emmanuel II and Louis-Napoleon signed a military
alliance against Austria and Cavour provoked war with Austria
France gained control of Savoy and Nice
The peace agreement signed in 1860 reshaped Northern Italy
But then, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany rebelled and joined Piedmont
-The Italian nationalist revolts of 1848 failed to create a unified Italy
-In 1850 Austria dominated the Italian Peninsula
- Northern Italy
- King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont (a north-western Italian
kingdom) and his prime minister Camillo di Cavour decided to form an
alliance with Louis-Napoleon against the Austrians
- Cavour provoked war with Austria in 1859; peace declared in 1860
- Austria retained control of Venetia
- France was given Savoy and Nice
- Piedmont gained control of Lombardy
- Piedmont's success caused Parma, Modena, and Tuscany to rebel
and join Piedmont
The Two Sicilies
(Sicily and Naples)
Then, in 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts formed an army to
unify Southern Italy and took over the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples).
He then gave the territory he conquered to Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont.

Now, with the exception of the Papal States and Venetia, Italy was unified.
- Southern Italy
- Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was in South America during
their rebellions, formed an army of Red Shirts to fight for a
unified Southern Italy
- Garibaldi and the Red Shirts took over Sicily and Naples
in 1860
- Garibaldi gave his conquests to Piedmont and the
Kingdom of Italy was formed under King Victor Emanuel II
- Venetia and the Papal States (whose capitol was the
Vatican in Rome) remained outside of Italy
- When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866 Italy allied with
Prussia
- The Prussians won and ceded Venetia to the Italians
- During the war French troops had to pull out of Rome
- In 1870 the Italians conquered the Papal States and
claimed Rome as the new capitol of unified Italy
YAY!
The Germans, like the Italians, failed to unify in the revolutions of 1848…
In 1862, in response to his frustrations with parliament, Kaiser Wilhelm I of
Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck prime minister. Bismarck began to
radically change the face of Prussian politics through his policy of realpolitik!
Otto von Bismarck
• Born 1815, died 1898
• Member of the Junker class (Prussian landowning aristocracy, or hereditary nobility)
• Deeply conservative monarchist, hated
democrats and socialists
• Served as Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-1890)
under Wilhelm I
- Germans, like the Italians, failed to unify during
the revolutions of 1848
- In 1862 King Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed
Otto von Bismarck prime minister
- Bismarck began practicing the policy of
realpolitik ("the politics of reality") by collecting
more taxes and strengthening the military
Otto von Bismarck
• United all 39 independent German states through the
Realpolitik policy of “Iron & Blood”
– Realpolitik
The “politics of reality”:
Tough power politics, no
room for idealism
– Iron:
Massive industrialization
– Blood:
Warfare
• First Chancellor of “Germany” from 1871-1890
Otto von Bismarck
“Better pointed bullets than
pointed speeches.”
Otto von Bismarck
“The great questions of
the day will not be
settled by speeches or
majority decisions—
that was the great
mistake of 1848 and
1849—but by blood
and iron.”
Otto von Bismarck
“To retain respect for
sausages and laws, one
must not watch them in
the making.”
Otto von Bismarck
“It is the destiny of the
weak to be devoured by
the strong.”
- Bismarck ruled without the consent of parliament from 1862-1866 and
actively pursued Prussian expansion
- In 1864 he defeated Denmark and claimed Schleswig and Holstein
- On June 14, 1866 Austria declared war on Prussia; on July 3 a
crushing Prussian victory ended the war and established a Northern
German Confederation
- The southern German states allied with Prussia because they
feared France
- Between 1866 and 1877 six kingdoms were added to the empire
(Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, HesseDarmstadt, and Saxony)
- In 1870 Prussia and France went to war (Franco-Prussian War);
Paris surrendered in 1871 and Prussia claimed the provinces of
Alsace and Lorraine
So, under Bismarck, from 1866-1871, Modern Germany was formed.
The Second German Reich (or Empire) was formally created on January
18, 1871 when Wilhelm I was named Kaiser in the Hall of Mirrors.
- German unity was achieved on January
18, 1871 when King Wilhelm I was
proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German
Reich (or Empire) in the Hall of Mirrors in
the Palace of Versailles (the First Reich was
the medieval Holy Roman Empire)
National Symbols
What do you see?
What symbols are used?