Transcript ch 8 section 3 italy and germany

Unification of
Italy and Germany
Chapter 8
Section 3
Cavour Unites Italy



Nationalism did not
only destroy empires,
it helped build
nations.
Italy formed from
crumbling empires.
1815-1848 – fewer
Italians were content
to live under foreign
rulers.
Cavour Leads Italian Unification



Italian nationalists looked for
leadership from the kingdom
of Piedmont-Sardinia, the
largest and most powerful of
the Italian states.
Kingdom adopted a liberal
constitution in 1848.
Unification sounded like a
good plan to the liberal
middle-class.
Count Camillo di Cavour



Became Prime Minister of
Sardinia in 1852.
Worked tirelessly to expand
Piedmont-Sardinia’s power.
Wanted to gain control of
northern Italy.
Roadblock to Italy





Cavour realized that Austria
would cause a major
roadblock.
Napoleon III agreed to help
drive Austria out of the
northern Italian provinces.
Cavour then started a war
with Austria.
With the help of the French,
Sardinia won two quick
victories.
Sardinia took all of northern
Italy, except Venetia.
Garibaldi Brings Unity



While Cavour was uniting
northern Italy, he secretly
helped nationalist rebels in the
south.
May 1860 – a small army of
Italian nationalists captured
Sicily.
Army was known as the Red
Shirts.

Leader – Giuseppe Garibaldi, and
his followers, always wore a bright
red shirt in battle.
Garibaldi




Garibaldi and his soldiers
marched north from Sicily.
Garibaldi agreed to unite
southern areas with the
kingdom of PiedmontSardinia.
Garibaldi met with King
Victor Emmanuel II.
Garibaldi agreed to step
aside and let the King rule.
Final Additions


1860 – Venetia became
part of Italy.
1870 – Papal States
came under Italian
control.



This included the city of
Rome.
Rome became the capital
of Italy.
The pope would continue
to govern a section of
Rome known as Vatican
City.
Bismarck Unites Germany




Like Italy, Germany also
achieved national unity in the
mid-1800s.
1815 – 39 German states
formed a loose grouping called
the German Confederation.
The Austrian Empire
dominated the confederation.
However, Prussia was ready to
unify all the German States.
German Confederation
Prussia Leads German Unification

Prussia had several advantages:
 Prussia had a large German
population
 Unlike the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
 Nationalism unified Prussia
and tore Austria-Hungary
apart.
 Prussia’s army was the most
powerful in central Europe.
 Berlin rioters forced a constitutional
convention to write up a liberal
constitution for the kingdom,
paving the way for unification.
Bismarck Takes Control



1862 – Wilhelm I
succeeded Frederick William
to the throne.
Liberal parliament refused
him money for reforms that
would double the strength of
his army.
 Major challenge to
Wilhelm’s authority.
Based on this information, do
you think Wilhelm was a
liberal or a conservative?
Junkers & Bismarck



Junkers supported his view.
Junkers = strongly
conservative members of
Prussia’s wealthy landowning
class.
1862 – Wilhelm chose a
conservative Junker to be his
Prime Minister

Otto von Bismarck
Realpolitik



Bismarck became a
master at realpolitik.
Means “the politics
of unity”.
Used to describe
tough power politics
with no room for
idealism.
“It is not by means of
speeches and majority
resolutions that the great
issues of the day will
be decided but by
blood and iron.”
Dealing with Parliament

Bismarck declared that
he would rule without:



Consent of parliament
Legal budget
These actions were in
direct violation of the
constitution.
Prussia Expands




1864 – Bismarck took the first
step toward molding an
empire.
Prussia and Austria formed an
alliance.
 Went to war against Denmark
to win two border provinces:
Schleswig (P) and Holstein
(A).
The quick victory increased
national pride among Prussians.
Won new respect from other
Germans.
Seven Weeks’ War





Bismarck purposely stirred
up border conflicts with
Austria over the two
provinces.
Austria declared war on
Prussia in 1866.
Prussians used their
superior training and
equipment  devastating
victory for Prussia.
Austria = humiliated
Austrians lost Venetia.
Prussia’s Control



Due to its victory, Prussia
took control of northern
Germany.
Eastern and western
Prussia were joined for
the first time.
1867 – the remaining
states joined the North
German Confederation.
 Prussia completely
dominated.
The Franco-Prussian War






1867 – a few southern German
states remained independent.
Southern Germans – Catholic
Prussia – Protestant
South resisted domination by
Prussia.
Bismarck felt that the
southerners would give in if
they felt an outside threat.
Bismarck felt that a war with
France would suffice.
Franco-Prussian War (cont.)




Bismarck manufactured
“incidents”.
 Created the impression that
the French ambassador had
insulted the Prussian king.
 France reacted by declaring
war in 1870.
Prussia entered France and
captured 83,000 people including
Napoleon III.
Parisians finally gave in due to
hunger.
Final stage of German
unification.
After the War




Southern Germans finally
had nationalistic feelings.
 Accepted Prussian
leadership.
1871 – Captured
Versailles.
King Wilhelm I of Prussia
was crowned kaiser or
emperor.
Called empire The Second
Reich
 Holy Roman Empire was
the first.
A Shift in Power




The 1815 Congress of Vienna
had established five Great
Powers in Europe:
 Britain, France, Austria,
Prussia and Russia
1815 – powers were nearly
equal in strength.
1871 – Britain and
Germany were the most
powerful.
European balance of
power had broken down.