Transcript Document

Period 4: c. 1450 – 1750
?
What’s the single most momentous event of
this time period – an event that truly
changed the course of history all over the
world?
!
What’s the single most momentous event of
this time period – an event that truly
changed the course of history all over the
world?
The arrival of Europeans in the Americas
Europe
Over roughly the century following the Black
Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved
increasingly to the cities and Europe began
to take advantage of its newfound
reengagement with the wider world,
developing a rising middle class. What’s the
name of the “rebirth” in the arts and
learning that dovetailed with this European
phenomenon?
Europe
Over roughly the century following the Black
Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved
increasingly to the cities and Europe began to
take advantage of its newfound reengagement
with the wider world, developing a rising
middle class. What’s the name of the
“rebirth” in the arts and learning that
dovetailed with this European phenomenon?
The Renaissance (c. 1300s-1600)
Europe
As Europeans became reacquainted with the
texts of classical Greece and Rome – which
had been preserved by Muslim scholars
through the Middle Ages – they were
reawakened to the idea that life could be
focused not so much on preparing for the
afterlife but for celebrating individual
human accomplishment in the here and
now. What’s the name for this focus on the
individual?
Europe
As Europeans became reacquainted with the
texts of classical Greece and Rome – which
had been preserved by Muslim scholars
through the Middle Ages – they were
reawakened to the idea that life could be
focused not so much on preparing for the
afterlife but for celebrating individual
human accomplishment in the here and
now. What’s the name for this focus on the
individual?
Humanism
Europe
The intellectual revolution that was the
Renaissance began in the large city-states in
the northern regions of what country, which
had grown far more urban than most other
parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades
and its ongoing spur to trade?
Europe
The intellectual revolution that was the
Renaissance began in the large city-states in
the northern regions of what country, which
had grown far more urban than most other
parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades
and its ongoing spur to trade?
Italy
Europe
Why was the Medici family of Florence
famous?
Europe
Why was the Medici family of Florence
famous?
They turned their city into a showcase of
art and architecture by being patrons for
some of the greatest artists of all time,
such as Michelangelo.
Europe
In contrast to the flat works of medieval
artists, Renaissance paintings used
perspective to achieve the illusion of three
dimensions and create more realistic,
worldly renderings of its human subjects.
What other major difference distinguished
Renaissance art from that of the Middle
Ages?
Europe
In contrast to the flat works of medieval artists,
Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the
illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic,
worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other
major difference distinguished Renaissance art from
that of the Middle Ages?
Medieval art was almost always focused on religion
and found in cathedrals, whereas Renaissance art
was both religious and secular, and could be found
in public places and the private homes of patrons.
Europe
Who gets credit for inventing moveable type
and the modern printing press in the mid1400s (even though printing processes were
developed earlier in China during the Song
dynasty)?
Europe
Who gets credit for inventing moveable type
and the modern printing press in the mid1400s (even though printing processes were
developed earlier in China during the Song
dynasty)?
Johannes Gutenberg
Europe
Why is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by
many scholars as the most important
invention of the last millennium?
Europe
Why is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by many
scholars as the most important invention of the last
millennium?
It made books easier to produce and far more
affordable … which led to greatly increased
literacy rates. It also fundamentally underlay
the exchange of ideas that accompanied the
Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,
which found its ultimate political expression in
the spread of democracy.
Europe
What other major event of the 16th century
did the printing press play an enabling role
in – an event launched by a German monk
named Martin Luther?
Europe
What other major event of the 16th century did
the printing press play an enabling role in –
an event launched by a German monk named
Martin Luther?
The Protestant Reformation, because now
people could read the Bible for themselves
in their own vernacular, or native
language, rather than rely on Church
officials for interpretation.
Europe
What was Martin Luther’s beef with the
Catholic Church?
Europe
What was Martin Luther’s beef with the Catholic
Church?
He took issue with the selling of indulgences (which
supposedly reduced your time in purgatory and
implied you could buy your way into heaven),
thought church services should be conducted in
local languages instead of Latin, and claimed
salvation was given by God through grace
directly to individuals – not through good works
and the authorization of the Catholic Church.
Europe
Another major figure responsible for the
spread of Protestantism was a man who
preached an ideology of predestination –
that God had predetermined an ultimate
destiny for all people, only a few of whom
(the Elect) would be saved. Who was he?
Europe
Another major figure responsible for the spread of
Protestantism was a man who preached an
ideology of predestination – that God had
predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people,
only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved.
Who was he?
John Calvin, whose Calvinism influenced John
Knox in Scotland and the minority Huguenots
in largely Catholic France.
Europe
Who declared himself the head of the Church
of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?
Europe
Who declared himself the head of the Church
of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?
King Henry VIII, who renounced the
Catholic Church in Rome after the pope
refused to grant him a marriage
annulment (he wanted to leave his wife,
Catherine of Aragon, for failing to give
him a son to be heir to the throne).
Scientific Revolution
Why did the Church put Galileo on trial
before the Inquisition in Rome during the
17th century?
Scientific Revolution
Why did the Church put Galileo on trial
before the Inquisition in Rome during the
17th century?
He published a book that showed
scientifically how the model of the
universe that the Church supported – the
Ptolemaic theory that the Earth was the
center of the universe – was incorrect.
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution further eroded the
power of the Church as many intellectuals
came to see its views as incompatible with
the natural world they were now more fully
understanding. Many became atheists or
Deists. You probably know what an atheist
is, but what is a Deist?
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution further eroded the power
of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its
views as incompatible with the natural world they
were now more fully understanding. Many
became atheists or Deists. You probably know
what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?
A Deist believes that God exists but doesn’t
answer prayers … that God created the
universe but lets it run by its own natural laws
without divine intervention.
Scientific Revolution
Advances in thinking associated with the
Scientific Revolution spilled over into the
realms of philosophy and politics, ushering
in what major development of the 17th and
18th centuries that undermined the idea of
monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly
influenced the Founders of the United
States?
Scientific Revolution
Advances in thinking associated with the Scientific
Revolution spilled over into the realms of
philosophy and politics, ushering in what major
development of the 17th and 18th centuries that
undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine
right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of
the United States?
The Enlightenment
Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment idea most
clearly associated with each of the
following: John Locke, Voltaire and
Montesquieu?
Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly
associated with each of the following: John Locke,
Voltaire and Montesquieu?
Locke = all men born equal, entitled to
unalienable rights (life, liberty, property)
Voltaire = freedom of speech and religion
Montesquieu = separation of powers among
branches of government
Enlightenment
Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of
Prussia were examples of what type of
leaders who tried to partially embrace the
age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance
and greater personal liberty while still
ruling with absolute power?
Enlightenment
Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of
Prussia were examples of what type of
leaders who tried to partially embrace the
age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance
and greater personal liberty while still
ruling with absolute power?
Enlightened Monarchs (or Enlightened
Despots)
Exploration
What triggered the Age of Exploration?
Exploration
What triggered the Age of Exploration?
Improvements in sailing technology
enabled it, but the real impetus was the
European desire to find direct trade
routes to the East that bypassed the
Muslim and Italian middlemen, from
whom many items had to be purchased.
Exploration
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
Exploration
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Portuguese royal who encouraged his country’s
early lead in exploration. Because of its close
proximity to Africa, Portugal had close trade
ties with Muslim nations and was the first
European power to navigate around the Cape
of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean
(thanks to Vasco de Gama and his crew).
Exploration
After Columbus’ arrival in the Americas,
Spain and Portugal began quarreling over
land claims … and how they settled their
dispute explains why Brazilians today speak
Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled
the disputes?
Exploration
After Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, Spain and
Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and
how they settled their dispute explains why
Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of
Spanish. What settled the disputes?
The Treaty of Tordesillas, which established a
longitudinal line in the Western Atlantic
Ocean: Spain got land to the west of the line,
while Portugal got dibs on land to the east.
Americas
Hernan Cortes conquered what American
empire with a small Spanish army of about
600 men in the early 16th century?
Americas
Hernan Cortes conquered what American
empire with a small Spanish army of about
600 men in the early 16th century?
The Aztecs
Americas
What Spanish conquistador conquered the
even larger Inca Empire in South America
with an even smaller army?
Americas
What Spanish conquistador conquered the
even larger Inca Empire in South America
with an even smaller army?
Francisco Pizarro
Americas
Why were Cortes and Pizarro – and later
Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer
the indigenous people of the Americas?
Americas
Why were Cortes and Pizarro – and later
Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer
the indigenous people of the Americas?
They had superior technology (including
ships and guns), horses and diseases to
which the Amerindians were not
immune.
Americas
Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 90
percent of the indigenous population in the
Americas following the Europeans’ arrival.
How did that lead to the African slave
trade?
Americas
Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 90 percent
of the indigenous population in the Americas
following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that
lead to the African slave trade?
When Europeans recognized the land as ideal for
cash-crop plantations (especially for sugar in
the Caribbean and Brazil), they needed a great
deal of labor to plant and harvest … so they
turned to Africa.
American Feudalism
What labor system in the Americas, used by
the Spaniards to build their colonial empire,
was in many ways similar to European
serfdom?
American Feudalism
What labor system in the Americas, used by
the Spaniard to build their colonial empire,
was in many ways similar to European
serfdom?
The encomienda system
Columbian Exchange
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Columbian Exchange
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer between the Americas and Europe
(and eventually to the rest of the world) of
foods, animals, diseases and other resources. To
the Americas came such things as horses, cattle,
pigs, goats, sugar cane and smallpox. From the
Americas came corn, potatoes, squash, beans,
cacao, manioc, peanuts, tomatoes, peppers and
silver.
Financing Exploration
Along with the Church backing away from its
ban on charging interest for loans, what
financial innovation helped turn the Age of
Exploration into a complete Commercial
Revolution?
Financing Exploration
Along with the Church backing away from its
ban on charging interest for loans, what
financial innovation helped turn the Age of
Exploration into a complete Commercial
Revolution?
The creation of the joint-stock company, in
which investors could pool their money
and share risk, then split the profits.
Economics
What theory of economics underlay the desire
among Europeans to colonize in order to
maintain a favorable balance of trade
(export more than import to grow wealthy)?
Economics
What theory of economics underlay the desire
among Europeans to colonize in order to
maintain a favorable balance of trade
(export more than import to grow wealthy)?
Mercantilism
Spain
What major act of institutional intolerance did
Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the
late 15th century, in which they persecuted
and expelled those who practiced Judaism
and Islam … and partly explains why Spain
was unable to maintain its initial position as
the strongest European power during the
Age of Exploration?
Spain
What major act of institutional intolerance did
Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late 15th
century, in which they persecuted and expelled
those who practiced Judaism and Islam … and
partly explains why Spain was unable to maintain
its initial position as the strongest European power
during the Age of Exploration?
Spanish Inquisition
England
What daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen
from 1558 to 1603 – a golden time during
which the English navy defeated the
Spanish Armada, Shakespeare wrote his
plays, the British East India Company got
off the ground and the first English colony
was established in North America (Roanoke
in Virginia)?
England
What daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen from
1558 to 1603 – a golden time during which the
English navy defeated the Spanish Armada,
Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East India
Company got off the ground and the first English
colony was established in North America
(Roanoke in Virginia)?
Elizabeth I
England
What happened to Charles I near the end of
the English Civil War (1642-1649),
something that had never before happened
to a reigning monarch anywhere?
England
What happened to Charles I at the conclusion
of the English Civil War (1642-1649),
something that had never before happened
to a reigning monarch anywhere?
He was found guilty of treason and
executed.
England
The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the
bloodless overthrow of King James II by
William and Mary. What form of
government – in which the royal family
explicitly recognized Parliament as a
partner in governing and was codified by
the English Bill of Rights (1689) – was
established following the Glorious
Revolution?
England
The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the bloodless
overthrow of King James II by William and Mary.
What form of government – in which the royal
family explicitly recognized Parliament as a
partner in governing and was codified by the
English Bill of Rights (1689) – was established
following the Glorious Revolution?
constitutional monarchy
France
Although Louis XIV was perhaps the most
legendary of all the absolute monarchs of
Europe, what was the ultimate legacy he left
to France?
France
Although Louis XIV was perhaps the most
legendary of all the absolute monarchs of Europe,
what was the ultimate legacy he left to France?
France may have been the most cultured state in
all of Europe with regard to such things as art
and literature, but his costly wars and
extravagant Palace of Versailles weakened the
country financially and set it on course
ultimately for the violent and radical French
Revolution later in the 1700s.
Central Europe
What conflict during the first half of the 17th
century strengthened France and Prussia but
killed perhaps one-third of the people living
in the Holy Roman Empire, and was
concluded with the Peace of Westphalia?
Central Europe
What conflict during the first half of the 17th
century strengthened France and Prussia but
killed perhaps one-third of the people living
in the Holy Roman Empire, and was
concluded with the Peace of Westphalia?
Thirty Years’ War
Prussia
True or False: Prussia was the country formed
by the combination of Poland and Russia?
Prussia
True or False: Prussia was the country formed
by the combination of Poland and Russia?
False – Prussia was a strong city-state
centered in Berlin, which was later a key
part of the unification of Germany
during the 19th century.
Russia
Why was Moscow called the “Third Rome?”
Russia
Why was Moscow called the “Third Rome?”
Rome, of course, was the “First Rome” … and
Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine
Empire, was the “Second Rome” … and after
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in
1453, Moscow shrugged off the Mongols and
became the center of Orthodox Christianity.
Russia
Who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built
Russia’s first navy, founded on the Baltic
Sea a new capital, and recruited western
European engineers, architects and
scientists in his effort to “westernize”
Russia?
Russia
Who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built
Russia’s first navy, founded on the Baltic
Sea a new capital, and recruited western
European engineers, architects and
scientists in his effort to “westernize”
Russia?
Peter the Great (the capital was St.
Petersburg)
Gunpowder Empires
Which empire was founded by Osman Bey as
the Mongol Empire fell, was centered in
what is now Turkey and eventually became
known as the “Sick Man of Europe” as it
weakened and finally fell after World War I?
Gunpowder Empires
Which empire was founded by Osman Bey as
the Mongol Empire fell, was centered in
what is now Turkey and eventually became
known as the “Sick Man of Europe” as it
weakened and finally fell after World War I?
Ottoman Empire
Gunpowder Empires
The Ottomans enslaved the children of their
Christian subjects and trained them to be an
elite corps of warriors known as what?
Gunpowder Empires
The Ottomans enslaved the children of their
Christian subjects and trained them to be an
elite corps of warriors known as what?
Janissaries
Gunpowder Empires
Name the Mughal ruler who was a
contemporary of England’s Queen
Elizabeth I and unified much of India by
governing with a policy of religious
toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?
Gunpowder Empires
Name the Mughal ruler who was a
contemporary of England’s Queen
Elizabeth I and unified much of India by
governing with a policy of religious
toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?
Akbar
Africa
What kingdom had close economic ties with
Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted
many of its people to Catholicism but
ultimately was weakened and destroyed by
hostilities arising from Portuguese tactics
and desire for slaves from the interior of
Africa?
Africa
What kingdom had close economic ties with
Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted
many of its people to Catholicism but
ultimately was weakened and destroyed by
hostilities arising from Portuguese tactics
and desire for slaves from the interior of
Africa?
Kongo
China
Why did the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) weaken and
fall to the Manchus, or Qing dynasty (16441911)?
China
Why did the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) weaken and
fall to the Manchus, or Qing dynasty (16441911)?
The Ming were unable to deal with crises such as
piracy and famine mainly because of inept,
hedonistic emperors who neglected the affairs
of state and allowed eunuch intermediaries to
grow powerful and corrupt.
China
The Manchus preserved their distinctive
cultural and ethnic identities (they outlawed
intermarriage, for one thing), but how did
they feel about China’s Confucian tradition?
China
The Manchus preserved their distinctive cultural and
ethnic identities (they outlawed intermarriage, for
one thing), but how did they feel about China’s
Confucian tradition?
They embraced it. Kangxi (who ruled from 1661
to 1722), for example, studied Confucian
classics and tried to apply their teachings
during his “enlightened” rule.
Japan
Describe Japan under the Tokugawa
Shogunate (1600-1868).
Japan
Describe Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate
(1600-1868).
The emperor and daimyo (feudal lords) were
marginalized as the shogun seized power and
ownership of all lands. A rigid social class not
unlike a caste system was instituted (warrior,
farmer, artisan and merchant), and trade and
travel was severely restricted – which kept
Japan secluded until the mid-1800s.
Technology
What three technological innovations did
Europeans adopt from elsewhere and
perfect in order to become the dominant
global power during this time period?
Technology
What three technological innovations did
Europeans adopt from elsewhere and
perfect in order to become the dominant
global power during this time period?
Gunpowder weapons, navigation and naval
technologies, and the printing press