Transcript The Age of Exploration - Lakeland Central School District

The Age of Exploration
1560-1648
Key Questions to Explore
• How did the Renaissance contribute to
the A of E?
• How did the A of E reshape both the
Old and New Worlds?
Motivation
•God
•Gold
•Glory
Why Atlantic Seaboard Trade?
• Asia had been attractive since
Marco Polo/Crusades
• Overland movement of goods
was expensive
• There was an interest in cutting
the Italians out of the market
But ……
Fear of the Unknown
And ……………
The Atlantic As A Barrier
The Astrolabe
An inclinometer (measuring
angles of slope elevation
or depression) of an
object used to determine
the latitude of a ship at sea
by measuring the sun's
noon altitude (declination)
or the meridian altitude of a
star of known declination
The Portuguese
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Diaz (1488) to the Cape of Good
Hope
• de Gama (1498) to India and back
• By 1504 the Portuguese have
control of the spice trade
• Destroyed Venice (and Italy) as a
major trading city-state
Voyages of Diaz
Da Gama Goes to India
Sagres
Point
Cape of Good Hope
A Word on Columbus
• Don’t judge Columbus from 2014
– Seattle’s Native American Day
– What forces influenced/shaped him?
– What were his goals when he sailed
west?
– Were his goals achieved?
– Try to put him in perspective
• Genoa born (maybe)
• Attended Prince Henry’s
school of navigation
• Believed that the western
route was easiest to east
• Ultimately sailed for Spain
• Four voyages – no route
through to the east
• Died of heart attack with
some wealth from Latin
American gold
Columbus
1451-1506
Columbian Exchange
• Concept of contemporary history
– 1972, book The Columbian Exchange
• Europe benefits from new goods and
increased wealth
• Colonies receive new forms of
government and laws, and ….
• Colonies and Europe suffer from disease
…..
Ferdinand
Magellan
1480-1521
• Portuguese born, but
sailed for the Spanish
• Sought to circumnavigate
the globe
• First European to enter
Pacific through The
Straits of Magellan
• Died in the Philippines
• Of 234 men who began
the journey, just 40
survived
Treaty of 1494
Tordesillas
• The Pope Alexander VI issued the decree
• Divided the globe between the Portuguese
and the Spanish
• Spain claims all of the Americas – although
Brazil was considered far enough East to
be Portuguese
• Spain (and Magellan) will claim the
Philippines are far enough to the West
Colonization
Who and Where
• Spanish – The Americas and
Philippines
• Portuguese – Brazil and Far East
islands
• Dutch – Caribbean, North America,
and Far East (Spice Islands)
• French – North America
And ….
Not a surprise ….
A Commercial Revolution
The Advent of Capitalism
14th to the 18th Century
Is it always about money?
Why?
• Increased trade
(markets/resources/international competition)
• Growth in population – increases the
demand for goods – particularly food
• The Price Revolution or a slow increase in
prices (slow inflation) – decrease in the
value of money
• Money supply increased (New World Gold
and Silver)– offset by increase in
population
Non-Political
Economic
Leadership
A Critical Example ………………….
Jakob
Fugger
1459-1525
• German
• Moved from weaving to
mercantile banking
(bank devoted to
service of merchants)
• Believed to be the
richest man of his time
• Used money to
influence election of the
HRE
And …..
• The Medici (of course)
• The Rothschilds beginning in early 18th
century – German/British/French/Austrian
(War of 1812, Suez Canal)
• J.P. Morgan
New Capital
• The use of wealth to create more wealth
• Most simple means is lending money at
interest – Church called it usury, a sin.
• Calvin rejects this concept
• Organization of the process = banking
• Organized wealth allows for the creation of
joint-stock companies (often through
investment in foreign ventures).
• Capital through speculation
A Price Revolution
•
•
•
•
Destruction of the Commons
Urban population increased
Diversified economy
Increased trade and pressure on
production
• Increase in precious metals from ‘new
world’ – too much money for the amount
of available goods
Government Takes Control
British Chartered Companies
• Muscovy Company
Russia, 1555
• East India Company
Asia, 1600
• Hudson’s Bay Company
Canada, 1670
• South Sea Company
South America, 1711
The Dutch
• Dutch East India Company – 1602
• Amsterdam Stock Exchange – 1602,
founded to trade shares of East India Co.
• Bank of Amsterdam – 1609,
first public bank
• Tulip Mania – 1634 to 1637 (speculation in
tulip bulbs – leads to economic crisis)
Terms of Historic Importance ….
• Hanseatic League, 1159-1598, Germany
• Guild (damaged by large scale
production/’domestic system’ – but returns
as unions in 19th century)
• London Coffee Houses
• Poor Laws
• Mercantilism
The Commercial Revolution and
The Link to Absolutism
(money and politics)
• Absolutism offered stability, order, and security in
a region devastated by internal conflict
• Commercial Revolution (particularly in Northern
Europe) generated wealth and complex
capitalistic institutions – both benefited from statebuilding through strong leaders
• New capitalism relied on overseas trade requiring
government protection – capitalists and monarchs
(who needed money to fuel increasingly more
powerful states) developed a symbiotic
relationship
How does ‘Society’change?
And ….
How ‘historically’ could the
term Society be defined?
(Is it dynamic?)
Class
• Aristocracy continued – determined by
high birth
• Middle Class (Bourgeoisie – Karl Marx
calls this the moneyed class) – had greater
rights and wealth from commerce
• Working Poor – illiterate, unskilled, lost
status with rise of a middle class. Serfs
emerged in Eastern Europe
• A Rich-Poor Gap emerges – increases
societal tension
Social Life
• Beginning of the modern era
• Population grew – 5 cities above
100,000
• Increase of homelessness and
vagrancy (communities begin
processes to deal with the poor)
• Diet is diminished for the poor
• Alcoholism increases
• And ….
Year(s)
Location
Type
1500-29
Northern Italy
W
1527
England
F
1531
France
F
1556-7
Europe
F
1540-55
Germany
W
1560-98
France
W
1563-6
Europe
P
1568-1609
Netherlands
W
1575-7
Italy
P
1579
England
P
1590-1
Sicily
F
1590-1
Italy
P
1593
London
P
1594-97
England
F
1597
England
P
1599
Spain
P
1603
London
P
1606
Scotland
P
1606-07
Sicily
F
1610-11
Switzerland, England
P
1615-16
Switzerland
P
1618-48
Germany
W
1621-48
Netherlands
W
1625
London
P
1629-31
Switzerland
P
1630-31
Italy
P
1636-37
London
P
1647-8
Scotland
P
1656
Italy
P
1660-2
France
F
1665
London
P
1667-8
Switzerland
P
1680
Sardinia
F
1693-4
France
F
Death Checks …
W = War
F = Famine
P = Plague
Food
• Class standards often defined foods – white flour
for upper classes/rye for others/oats were for
horses
• Meat was for the rich – nothing was wasted – poor
relied on dairy products (eggs) for protein. Meat
consumption declined as population increased
• Most beverages were alcoholic until the Industrial
Revolution - wine south/beer north and east.
Coffee, tea and chocolate by 17th century
The History of the World in Six Glasses
• Beer – First made in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 BC was so
important to Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was used to pay wages
• Wine - In ancient Greece, it became the main export of a vast
seaborne trade, helping to spread Greek culture abroad.
• Spirits - Brandy and rum, made using a process devised by Arab
alchemists, fueled the Age of Exploration, fortified seamen on long
voyages and was key to slave trade (Triangle Trade).
• Coffee - Originated in the Arab world and went on to inspire
scientific, financial/political revolutions during the Age of Reason, when
coffeehouses became centers of intellectual exchange.
• Tea - Hundreds of years after the Chinese began drinking tea, it
became especially popular in Britain, with far-reaching effects on
British foreign policy.
• Cola - Globalization
National Cuisines
• An element of national identity
• First cook books at beginning of 18th century
• France – guilds for cooks/chefs appear
(specialty guilds/bakers, pastry, sauces, etc.).
French were first to include new world foods.
• Italians moved toward regional cuisine
(Naples and pizza (originally a sweet dish),
and cookbooks were produced for the
‘housewive’
Calories ….
• Caloric intake is subject to some debate. One typical estimate is
that an adult peasant male needed 2,900 calories per day, and
an adult female needed 2,150 calories. Those engaged in
particularly heavy physical labor, as well as sailors and soldiers,
may have consumed 3,500 or more calories per day. Intakes of
aristocrats may have reached 4,000 to 5,000 calories/day.
Monks consumed 6,000 calories/day on "normal" days, and
4,500 calories/day when fasting. As a consequence of these
excesses, obesity was common among upper classes. Monks
especially frequently suffered from obesity-related conditions
such as arthritis.
• Today …. Men should be consume approximately 2000.
And now the …..
Wars of Religion
(or the shift to political/economic conflicts)
1531-1648
The Chronology
• Wars of the Schmalkaldic League
(1531-1548)
• French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
• Swedish Civil War (1598-1604)
• 30 Years War (1618-1648)
Schmalkaldic League
• Schmalkaldic League– a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes
within the Holy Roman Empire during the
mid-16th century.
– Intention was to replace the HRE as the
political focus of German Protestants
Peace of Augsburg
Ends the Schmalkaldic Conflict
• 1555
• Agreement between Charles V and the
Schmalkaldic League
• Cuius regio, eius religio – “whose realm his religion”
• Allowed individual princes to chose religion of their
states
• Made the division of Christendom legal and
permanent within the HRE
Peace of Augsburg
• However, did not permit ‘minor’ religions
– i.e. Calvinism ( only Lutheran or
Catholic)
• 30 Years War (takes 70 years to
ferment)
• Charles V would eventually abdicate in
favor of his brother Ferdinand and son
Philip II of Spain
Spanish Empire - 1580
Collapse of Spain
•
•
•
•
Jewish population expelled in1492
Philip II – ineffective leader
Bankrupt four times (Both Philip and Spain)
Inquisition (fear of) = revolt in Netherlands)
Low Countries
1500
Philip II
The Spanish and Dutch
• 17 provinces revolt, ultimately (1570’s) resulting in
separating North (Dutch Republic) from South
(Spanish Netherlands)
• Struggle for political control leads to Spanish efforts
to retake the north – English come to Dutch aid.
• Destroys Spanish fleet (1588 –British); Dutch take
Gibraltar (1609)
• Spanish Armada, 1588 – Duke of Alva ineffective in
controlling the revolt. Dutch get help from the
English (Protestant Wind
• House of Orange emerges as dominant political
force (William)
French Wars of Religion
• Eight Wars 1562-1598 between
Catholics and Protestants
• 4th War prompted by St. Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre (1572)
• Ends with the coronation of Henry IV (of
Navarre) – “Paris is well worth a mass”
• Edict of Nantes - 1598
Swedish Civil War
• 1597-1598
• Attempt to unify Sweden with PolandLithuania and its Catholic king
• Lutherans in Sweden are victorious
and create independent state
Thirty Years War
The Chronology
The Bohemian Stage, 1618 -1625
Frederick V (Winter King/Battle of White
Mountain-1620)
The Danish Stage, 1625 -1629
Albrecht von Wallenstein
The Swedish Phase, 1629 -1635
Gustavus Adolphus
The French Phase, 1635 -1648
Richelieu (Louis XIII)
The Treaty of Westphalia
• 1648
• Switzerland and Netherlands granted
independence
• Germany princes guaranteed continued
religious sovereignty within their states
• Hapsburg power is diminished
• French now dictate European affairs
• Holy Roman Empire is politically finished