Transcript 1. - SchoolRack

Years Between the Wars
Chapters 28 & 29
Vocabulary:
1. Zionists
2. Politburo
3. League of Nations
4. Great Depression
5. Russian Civil War
6. Nazi
7. Gestapo
8. Marne River
9. Self-determination
10. Propaganda
11. Collectivization
12. Treaty of Versailles
13. Armistice
14. Red Army
15. Kellogg-Briand Pact
16. Fascism
17. New Deal
18. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
19. Guomindang
20. Western Front
21. Eastern Front
22. Mexican Revolution
23. Mandates
24. The Great War
25. Pogroms
26. Pan-Africanism
27. Anschluss
28. Appeasement
29. Bolsheviks
30. Five-Year Plan
I. The World in 1914
A. China
1. Sun Yat-sen and Revolutionary Alliance…Sun
elected president…set up European-style
Parliament
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
B. Japan
1. Growing economic and military influence in China
2. Need to meet the demands of industrialization
3. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905…annexation of Korea
C. Latin America
1. Mexican Revolution
2. Economic strain – banking crises of 1907-1908
3. American influences… Panama Canal 1914
4. Growing nationalism
D. India
1. Indian National Congress Party established 1885
2. Development of common Indian identity…rising
nationalism – resentment of British
E. Egypt
1. British occupation in 1882…governed through
local Turkish elite (khedive)
2. British reforms benefited the elites and small
middle class
3. Newspapers led attacks on British and Turkish
elites
4. Violent clashes between elites and
nationalist groups
5. Constitution granted 1913…parliament
set up
F. Russia
1. Rise of Socialism / Marxism…Bolsheviks
a. Working-class unrest
2. Defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1905
a. Revolt of 1905 and repression
3. Duma formed
4. Ties to Slavic Balkans
G. The Balkans
1. Independence of Bulgaria, Romania,
Serbia, Bosnia, and Montenegro from
Ottoman Empire
2. The Balkan Wars 1912-1913
3. Friction between Austria and Serbia / Russia
H. Europe
1. Greater ties due to interconnected economies
2. Intense competition over colonies and markets
I. United States
1. Industrial Revolution…urbanization
2. Imperialism and Spanish-American
War 1898
II. World War I Looms Ahead
A. Causes – the “Ism’s”
1. Economic rivalries…Imperialistic rivalries…fight over
colonies – Imperialism
2. System of alliances
a. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
--Italy joins the Entente in 1915…Ottomans join
--Later become
the “Central
Powers”
b. Triple Entente:
France, Russia,
Great Britain
--Later become
the “Allied
Powers”
3. Militarism – Arms race…build-up of weapons by all parties
a. Britain - the Dreadnought
b. Germany - naval buildup
c. France - military spending
4. Nationalism…national pride
a. Franco-Prussian War
(1870-71)…loss of Alsace and Lorraine
b. Germany’s fear of encirclement
5. Other causes
a. Political weakness of Austro-Hungarian Empire
b. Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913
--Slavic nations supported by
Russia
Balkan
Peninsula
--Balkans were the
“Powder Keg” of Europe
III. World War I Begins – (1914 – 1918)
A. Assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand
1. Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne
2. Killed by a Serb – Gavrilo Princip at Sarajevo. He was a
nationalist that wanted Serbia to be independent.
a. Belonged to the secret society, “the Black Hand”
B. Sequence of Events Following Assassination
1. Austria…demands justice from Serbia
2. Serbia rejects demands
3. Austria mobilizes for war…in response, Russia mobilizes
4. Germany and France
Schlieffen Plan
mobilize for war
1. Fix French army
on border
5. Germany initiates
2. Attack France
through neutral
Schlieffen Plan
Belgium
3. Defeat France
--Hoped to avoid
before Russian
mobilization
a two front war
4. Confront Russia
6. Britain chooses to
join France based
on “neutral”
Belgium claim
Long Range Causes
Nationalism
Militarism
Alliances
Imperial Competition
Immediate Causes
Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand
Mobilization of militaries
World War I
C. The Western Front
1. Germans advance though
neutral Belgium
2. France attacks Germany
3. Stagnation and trench
warfare lead to massive
casualties
Both sides thought
this war would be
over quickly…they
were wrong!!!
Trench Warfare
Typical trench system layout
View of trench & no man’s land
Trench Warfare
Obstacles in
attacking a
trench system
Trench Warfare
Sappers dig mines and countermines
Machine guns
were especially
deadly in trench
warfare!
Trench Warfare
Trench systems seen from the air
Trench systems ran from Switzerland to the North Sea
Trench Warfare
Wet conditions inside the trenches produced “trench foot”
Trench Warfare – Battle of the Somme
No Man’s Land – Between the Trenches
D. The Eastern Front The war caused social & political turmoil in Russia & Italy!
1. Russians…early offensives against Germany were
successful, but not long-lived…only large numbers of
troops kept the Russians from being forced to surrender
a. Severe Russian defeats led to the Russian Revolution
and eventually the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk…this called
Lenin
for the withdrawal of Russia from war
2. Italians also had
early gains, but
war with the
Austrians soon
stalemated…help
from the British
and French
shored up the
lines
E. The Home Fronts in Europe
1. Little sympathy at home…most people away from the front
lines had little idea of the atrocities and horrors
there…enthusiasm for the war was still high.
2. Growth in governments
a. Propaganda was crucial…governments had to get their
points across…the British aimed much of this at the
Americans, hoping to persuade them to enter the war
b. Suppression of criticism was harsh…newspapers and
letters from soldiers were heavily censored
c. Labor groups dissatisfied
--Weakens Germany…revolutions threatened
--Russia government falls in revolution
d. Women in work force…led to demands for more
equality…women received the right to vote in Britain,
Germany, and the U.S. after the war
Propaganda
F. The War Outside Europe
1. British navy blocks supplies to Central Powers
a. Uses imperial resources, manpower in the fight
--Indians deployed in many areas
2. French…Use African troops on the Western Front
3. Japan…Fights Germans in China, the Pacific
Australian troops at Gallipoli
4. Ottomans…side with Germany
a. Gallipoli peninsula
b. Suffered severe defeat in Southern
Russia, and had some success in
the Middle East threatening the
Suez Canal
Gallipoli
Churchill’s idea to break the deadlock on the Western Front
5. United States…Begins neutral
a. WWI began 1914…United States entered war in 1917 with
the Allies on the verge of collapse
b. Entrance of US signals the beginning of the end for the
Central Powers…fresh troops bring a new attitude
c. Reasons for U. S. entrance
--Unrestricted submarine warfare…Germans would attack
any ship unprovoked, regardless of neutrality, in the
war zone
--Zimmerman telegram…attempt by the Germans to draw
Mexico into the war on the side of the Central
Powers…promised a return of land taken from Mexico
--Financial stake in Allied success…had sold goods and
loaned money…primarily to the Allies
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Zimmerman
Note
G. The End of Hostilities (1918)
1. Massive German offensive on the Western Front has some
success, but the allies regroup to stop the attack
2. Austro-Hungarian Empire falls apart…wants peace
3. Germany faced with widespread revolts on the home front
4. Germany forced to sue for peace
a. Armistice agreed to on November 11, 1918
The physical, economic,
social, and psychological
results of the war
included the Great Depression
and the rise of
Totalitarianism in the two
decades that followed.
IV. A Failed Peace
A. England & France determined to punish Germany
1. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
a. Open treaties – no secret agreements
b. Freedom of the Seas
c. No International tariffs…free trade
d. Weapon reduction…end militarism
e. Points 5-13: Countries based on
nationality
--Austria-Hungary broken into
Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Woodrow Wilson
Yugoslavia
f. Point 14: Create a League of Nations…international
peacekeeping organization…the U. S. never joins
Freedom of
the Seas
League of
Nations
Restoration
of Belgium
Free Trade
Key Aspects of
Wilson’s
Fourteen
Points
Self
Determination
Arms
Reduction
Independent
Poland and
Czechoslovakia
2. Peace of Paris…Treaty of Versailles
a. Germany forced to accept war guilt even though they
weren’t the first to declare war…Reparations were
demanded by the British and French
b. Poland independent
c. The harsh and humiliating
terms of the treaty provide
the foundation for the rise
of the Nazis and WWII
The Big 4 at Versailles – David Lloyd
George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges
Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson
Return of
Colonies and
Territory
German War
Guilt
Reparations
The Treaty of
Versailles
German
Disarmament
British
Mandates
Occupation of
the Rhineland
League of
Nations
British Cartoon…1919
B. Other Results of Treaty
1. Destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
2. Destruction of the German Empire
3. Destruction of the Ottoman Empire
4. Destruction of the Russian Empire and the creation of
Communist Soviet Union (USSR)
5. Weakening of the surviving Western empires
6. Creation of new states: Yugoslavia, Poland,
Czechoslovakia
7. Territorial gains by Italy, France, Britain
Cause & Effect
US Senate
rejects Treaty of
Versailles
Decline in
power of
League of
Nations
Germans bitter
over terms of
Treaty
Rise of Adolf
Hitler
Asian and
African colonies
angry at broken
promises
Rise of
Independence
Movements
V. Challenges to European Colonialism in Asia, Africa & M.E.
A. India: A Pattern for Challenging the British
1. India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines began
nationalist movements
2. Worldwide patterns from India
a. Leadership of Western-educated elite
b. Charismatic leaders
c. Nonviolence
3. Indian National Congress, 1885…party led the way
a. Initially loyal to British
b. Spurred by British racism…no matter where Indians
were from or how well educated, they all suffered
c. This racism and their response to it helps build a
common Indian identity
B. Indian Social Problems Under British rule
1. Economic privilege for British
2. Indian army used for British interests
3. High-paid British officials instead of qualified Indians
4. Cash crops (cotton, etc.) push out food production…led to
famines
C. Nationalism with Violence
1. B.G. Tilak – Nationalism above religious concerns…he felt
that nationalism should be centered on Hinduism;
caused a split with the millions of Muslims in India
a. Called for boycotts of British goods and violence
b. Was arrested, imprisoned and sent into exile by British
2. Hindu communalists…wanted the overthrow of the British
a. Advocated violent means, even terrorism
D. Gandhi and the Nationalist Struggle
1. Indians were loyal to British at start of war, but war
casualties and costs mount…these were followed by
inflation, famine and broken promises of self-government
2. In 1919, greater Indian participation in government was
allowed, but the Rowlatt Act passed later that year
restricted civil rights
3. Mohandas K. Ghandi emerges as a new nationalist leader
a. He advocates
Much like nonviolent, or passive,
Martin
resistance: boycotts,
Luther
strikes, demonstrations;
King, Jr.
these tactics got the
during the
civil rights message across
movement without allowing the
in the U.S. British to use force
E. Nationalism Grows in the Middle East…Egypt
1. Egyptian nationalism began in 1882 with British occupation
a. Egypt essentially had two masters…the Ottomans and
the British
b. All British reforms benefit the upper classes
2. Journalists predominate the early nationalist movements
by pointing out the British and Turkish mistakes
3. By the 1890s political parties form…harsh British
repression keeps them ineffective. However, it does
bring a focus to Egyptian nationalism.
4. British grant constitution, 1913…the British realized this
was inevitable…World War I temporarily slows the drive
to Egyptian nationalism.
F. War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East After WWI
1. Turkey Formed…Independence by 1923
a. Reforms helped “westernize” the country
2. France, Britain reneged on promises of Arab independence
a. Occupy former Turkish lands…gain mandates through
the League of Nations
3. Arabs and Jews were given
conflicting assurances
over Palestine
a. Balfour Declaration: the
promise to help
establish a Jewish
homeland in Palestine
The Middle East After World War I
4. Zionism…movement calling for Jews to relocate back to a
homeland…mainly Palestine
a. World Zionist Organization…formed by Theodor Herzl
--Jewish nationalism
--Jewish immigration to Palestine
--British restriction of Jewish migration due to Arab
hostility
--Jewish-Palestinian conflict
G. Egyptian Revolution
1. Egypt a British protectorate, 1914
a. Martial law to protect Suez Canal during the war
b. War effort drains Egyptian resources
2. Egyptians weren’t allowed to speak for independence at
Versailles…set off riots and demonstrations at home
3. British agree to independence…begin withdrawal
a. From 1922 to the withdrawal to the Canal zone, 1936
4. The early regimes showed little progress
a. In 1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser takes
over in a military coup
b. First Egyptian rule since 6th cent. BC
c. Egypt run as quasi dictatorship
Gamal Abdul Nasser
H. Early Attempts at Liberation in Africa
1. Like in other colonies and protectorates, Africans were
generally loyal to the Europeans during the war…were
promised nationhood after the war
2. War again drains resources…allows western-educated
Africans to begin organizing
3. Pan-African movement…attempt to bring together African
and African American politicians and intellectuals
a. This movement decreased by the late 1920s…saw a
change to nationalism in individual colonies
4. The main time of African independence came after World
War II.
Three major patterns
VI. The Roaring Twenties
emerged in the 1920s:
--Was Western Europe still
First, western Europe
the dominant global power?
recovered from the war
only incompletely;
A. Was There Real Recovery?
Second, the United States
and Japan rose as giants
1. Enormous challenges
in industrial production;
a. Millions of dead or injured Third, revolutions of lasting
consequence shook
--France & Serbia…10%
Mexico, Russia, and China.
of population
--Spanish Flu pandemic 1918-1919 killed 20-40
million (more than Black Death)
b. Economic issues: inflation and property damage
2. Optimism, creativity rebounded…art & architecture
3. Women lose place in workforce, but gain voting rights in
Germany, Great Britain, the United States and Turkey
4. Effects of the Treaty of Versailles
a. Billions in reparations crushed Germany’s new
government, the Weimar Republic…caused
hyperinflation
b. Occupation of Rhineland
c. New European states carved out of
Germany, Russia, and
Austro-Hungarian Empire
d. Wilson’s failure…League of Nations:
--US Senate does not ratify Treaty
--Wilson suffers stroke…in power?
--Italy attacks Libya and Ethiopia
--Japan moves into Manchuria
B. Other Industrial Centers
1. Canada, Australia, New Zealand gained independence
a. Still part of the British Commonwealth of Nations
2. United States…despite becoming a global economic and
cultural (music & movies) power, politically the U.S.
practiced an isolationist policy.
a. The U. S. never joined the League of Nations
b. A “Red scare“ over communism added to this policy
3. Japan’s strong economy continued to grow, though it still
had to import raw materials…a major factor in WWII
What is Fascism?
• Fascism: a political philosophy,
movement, or regime that exalts nation
and race above the individual and that
stands for a centralized autocratic
government headed by a dictatorial
leader, severe economic and social
regimentation, and forcible
suppression of the opposition
C. The Rise of Fascism (late 1800s)
--Attacked weakness & corruption in democracy
and class struggle in socialism & Marxism
1. Benito Mussolini
a. Formed the Fascist party in 1919 and by
1922 had taken over the government
b. Suspends elections in 1926…eliminated opposition
c. Mussolini (Il Duce) ruled though the
Italian government remained intact
Blackshirts - Italian
Fascists
Benito Mussolini
D. The New Face of Eastern Europe – new nations: Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Austria
a. Authoritarian governments dominate…hunger, poverty,
illiteracy continue
E. A Wrap-up of the Post World War I World
1. Representative governments grew in Germany, Canada,
Japan
2. Democracy challenged in Italy and central Europe
3. America and Japan became powerful
II. The Beginning of Revolution
A. Mexico
a. Porfirio Díaz…since 1876
--Economy basically under foreign control
b. Rebellion…Francisco Madero takes control of
the government with the help of Pancho Villa
and Emiliano Zapata…Díaz removed
--1913, Madero assassinated
c. Victoriano Huerta takes control by force and
returns to Díaz’s style of rule
--Forced from power in 1914 by
Villa, Zapata and Alvaro Obregon.
Obregon takes over as president.
Diaz
Emiliano
Zapata
Pancho Villa
d. General Alvaro Obregón…first elected president
--Civil war over by 1920
--1917, new constitution
e. President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940)
--Land redistributed, mostly as communal property
--Education expanded
f. Attempts were made to “Indianize” the country…glorified
the Mexican past
B. Russian Revolution…1917…begins in St. Petersburg
1. Alexander Kerensky takes over…sets us a provisional
government…nothing changes much…reforms were
slow…led to a second revolution
2. November, 1917…Bolsheviks (Communist Party)
a. Lenin takes over…signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to
get Russia out of the war
--Closes parliament…sets up the Congress of Soviets
b. 1918-1921…reaction against communism…unhappy
over poor economy, redistribution of land, etc.
c. Civil war (Reds vs. Whites) killed
millions…the Communist Red army
under Leon Trotsky was victorious
Leon Trotsky
C. Russia Settles Down
1. Red Army…provides stability
2. Lenin's New Economic Policy, 1921…allowed some
individual decisions (capitalism)…worked to increase
agricultural production, but it didn’t last.
3. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics officially formed in 1923
D. Soviet Experimentation in the 1920s
1. Initially there were gains for workers and women in Soviet
society…groups were encouraged to organize…public
education was provided. However…
2. Lenin died in 1924
a. Succeeded by Stalin after a power
struggle (Stalin vs. Trotsky)…he
stopped all reforms…eliminated all
opponents by either assassination
or exile
Joseph Stalin
E. Revolution in China
1. Last Qing emperor abdicates, 1912
2. Local warlords, students, and intellectuals all had a vision
for a new Chinese government
3. Japan invades…adds another player in the game…Japan
will have considerable influence in China until after World
War II
F. The May 4th Movement & the Rise of Marxism
1. Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Revolutionary Alliance,
was elected president in 1911…he never has
firm control and resigns in 1912…Yuan Shikai,
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
the most powerful warlord takes over.
2. Japan, firmly involved in WWI, issues the Twenty-one
demands to Yuan…Yuan refuses to act against them and
is overthrown
a. Versailles gives Japan firm control over former
German areas
3. May 4, 1919 - Mass demonstrations over Japan’s actions
a. Call for Western political reform…not Confucianism
4. Russian Revolution & the rise of communism was influential
a. Marxism was adopted to Chinese situation
b. Influences Mao Zedong...Communist Party of China is
formed in 1921
G. Guomindang (Nationalist Party of China)…takes
control…founded by Sun Yat-sen
1. Allies with Communists, both Chinese
and Russian…was their link to
the peasants
2. The Nationalists needed an
army…Whampoa Military Academy
formed in 1924
a. Chiang Kai-shek, the first leader,
succeeds as head of Guomindang
upon Sun’s death in 1925
Chiang Kai-shek
H. Nationalists vs. Communists
1. Chiang turns against the communists (& peasants)
2. Mao Zedong takes firm control of communists…leads
followers on the Long March to Shanxi…1934
3. Nationalists & Communists must join to fight the Japanese
Mao Zedong
China in the Era of Revolution and Civil War
III. The Global Great Depression
A. Causes
1. Recession of the early 1920s…agricultural
overproduction, severe inflation, high tariffs
B. The Great Depression
1. October, 1929…New York Stock Market
crash
a. Banks collapsed, savings vanished,
investment capital disappeared
2. Depression continues to deepen from 1929 – 1933
a. Unemployment skyrockets, inflation keeps soaring
3. The Soviet Union was somewhat immune due to
isolation from the rest of the world…Stalin used
brutality to continue pushing the USSR toward
industrialization
C. Responses to the Depression in Western Europe
1. Governments have little good impact…instead use higher
tariffs, reduced government spending, etc.
a. Radicalism, such as socialism or communism, became
attractive as people’s unhappiness with traditional
parliamentary systems increased
D. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal
1. Offered more direct unemployment
assistance through direct aid or public
works jobs…Social Security is formed
a. Began rapid government growth and
restored the public’s confidence in
the government, thus removing the
Franklin Roosevelt
possibility of radicalism in the U. S.
2. Only the government spending necessary for World War II
officially brought the country out of the Great Depression
IV. Totalitarianism Grows
A. The Birth of the Nazi Party (1920s)
1. Fascism grows rapidly…Weimar Republic
is weak
2. Adolf Hitler leads the National Socialist
party…the 1932 elections saw the Nazis
win the largest portion (still not a majority)
of the vote…by 1933 he has seized power
a. Party was Anti-Semitic and very totalitarian
b. Wrote Mein Kampf
--Attacked Jews, Marxists (communists), nonAryans, democracy
--Advocated lebensraum (living space) for all
German speaking peoples
3. Hitler’s Moves to War and a German Empire
a. Rhineland occupied by German troops in 1936…no
response to this move
b. Anschluss, 1938…union of Germany & Austria
c. Sudetenland, 1938-1939…Western Powers allow Hitler to
take this part of Czechoslovakia…appeasement
d. Invasion of Poland, 1939…begins World War II
4. Hitler’s inner circle:
a. Goebbels – propaganda
b. Goering – Luftwaffe commander
c. Himmler – commanded Schutz Staffel (SS) Hitler’s
bodyguard
Hermann
Goering
Josef
Goebbels
Heinrich
Himmler
Sudetenland given to Hitler
as an appeasement!
Europe
1939…
Invasion
of
Poland
B. Fascism Grows
1. Mussolini and Italy attack Ethiopia in 1935…the League of
Nations (without America) does nothing
2. Spanish Civil War, 1936 - 1939
a. Germany, Italy support right…General Francisco Franco
b. Russia, Western volunteers support left
c. Semi-Fascist state is founded
3. Japan invades China in 1937…continues empire building
4. Axis Powers formed in 1940…Germany, Italy, Japan
C. Economic and Political Changes in Latin America
1. Economic expansion of the late 19th century was crushed by
the Great Depression
2. Reaction to liberalism…people became disillusioned.
Socialist and Communist parties are formed.
D. Latin American Responses to Global Economic Problems
1. Exports dropped drastically…growing poverty led to reform
2. Conservatives attempted to find a balance between
capitalism and Marxism…had some aspects of Fascism
3. Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) of Mexico
redistributed land to the people and
nationalized the country’s oil wells
4. Cuba also had a revolution in 1933 that
included major social reforms as well
E. The Vargas Regime in Brazil
1. Contested 1929 Election leads to civil war…Gétulio Vargas
becomes president
2. Vargas’ reforms centered around tighter government
control…he stopped coups by the communists and
fascists with the support of the military
a. New constitution, 1937…very much influenced by
Mussolini’s Italy…became authoritarian, emphasized
nationalism and economic reforms, eliminated people
opposed to his reforms
3. Commits suicide in 1954 when both the left & right were
seemingly against him
F. Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military
1. Economic collapse, 1929
2. Nationalists take control in 1943 with the goals of
industrializing and modernizing the country
3. Colonel Juan d. Perón takes control with his
wife, Eva Duarte (Evita)
a. Forms a coalition government including
workers, industrialists, and the military
b. Nationalizes railroads, telephone & oil
c. Driven from power (exiled) in 1955 as the
economy continued to worsen
d. He maintains influence with the workers
and unions even in exile…briefly returns
to power in 1973
4. Upon the death of Perón in 1974 Argentina
returned to military dictatorship
G. Japan Arms Itself
1. Depression causes suffering and it also increased suspicion
of the West and spurred expansion into Asia to secure
additional markets
2. Revolts in 1932 and 1936 allowed the military to gain power
3. General Hideki Tojo won influence over the prime ministers
4. War with China in 1937 made the military
dominant
5. 1938 Japan controls Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan
6. Steady erosion of civil liberties in Japan
H. Japanese Industrialization and Recovery
1. Japan moved fully toward industrialization from 1931;
production of iron, steel, and chemicals soared
2. Japan became self-sufficient in tools and scientific
equipment, and the basis was set for more expansion
that occurred later in the 20th century
I. Stalinism in the Soviet Union
1. Prior to 1927, the largely independent economy of the
U.S.S.R. avoided the Great Depression. Stepped-up
industrialization, abject worship of the leader, and a
violently repressive police state marked a system very
similar to Nazism.
2. However when Stalin took control, He sought to make the
U.S.S.R. an industrial society under full control of the
state.
J. Economic Policies of the Soviet Union under Stalin
1. Collectivization of Agriculture, 1928…large state-run farms
were set up…in theory this would allow better
mechanization of agriculture since most equipment was
scarce
a. Famines grow out of these
policies…leave over 10
million dead
2. Five-year plans for industrial
development were a
success…plans even set output
Starving peasant children
levels and demand for new facilities
a. By the 1930s, only Germany and the U.S. ranked
higher than the U.S.S.R. in industrial production
b. Some welfare services, old-age pensions, and health
programs were provided by the government.
K. Totalitarian Rule in the Soviet Union
a. Harsh suppression of criticism
--Uses terror, spies, secret police, and gulags (prison
work camps, usually in Siberia) to stay in power
--During the late 1930s Stalin purged the country
of many real and imagined enemies…many were
executed after “show trials”
--Changed history to make himself look good and
enemies look bad – used propaganda
--Tried to replace devotion to religion with devotion to
the communist party.
b. 1939, ally with Hitler…signed the Russo-German NonAggression Pact.
--Stalin didn’t want to do this, but it allowed the U.S.S.R.
to regain part of Poland and also buy time for the
inevitable war with Germany