Transcript Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous (5days) - Circle

The Skeletal System- Day 1
The Muscular System-Day 2
The Nervous System- Day 3
Review- Day 4
Test- Day 5
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides a living
structure for the body.
cartilage
ossification
ligament
tendon
scoliosis
osteoporosis
The skeletal system consists of bones and
connective tissue.
Your skeletal system consists of 206 bones and the
attached connective tissues.
Skeletal System Functions
 Providing support for the body
 Protecting internal tissues and organs from damage
 Acting as a framework for attached muscles
 Allowing movement of limbs and digits
 Producing new red and white blood cells
 Storing fat and minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus

Bone tissue is surrounded by calcium
phosphate and other minerals.

Bone shapes include long bones, short bones,
flat bones, and irregular bones.
Flat bone
(rib)
Long bone
(humerus)
Short bone
(wrist)
Three Types of Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons

Cartilage can act as a cushion between two
bones or as a flexible structure for soft parts of
the body, such as the tip of the nose.
Cartilage
A strong, flexible connective
tissue

All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage.
Early in development, the cartilage hardens in
a process called ossification.
Ossification
The process by which bone
is formed, renewed, and
repaired

Ligaments attach to bones to create joints.
Ligament
A band of fibrous, slightly elastic
connective tissue that attaches one
bone to another

Muscles and tendons work together to move
parts of the body.
Tendon
A fibrous cord that attaches muscle
to the bone

Joints are points at which bones meet. Some
joints are flexible and some do not move.


The structure of a joint relates to the type of
motion it can produce.
Flexible Joints
Ball-And-Socket
Joints
Hinge
Joints
Pivot
Joints
Ellipsoidal
Joints

A ball-and-socket
joint is a movable
joint, with one
bone that is
rounded and fits
within another
bone
Hip
(ball-and-socket joint)

The knee joint is one
example of a hinge
joint.
Knee
(hinge joint)
A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and
regular checkups are ways to care for your skeletal
system.
Your overall health depends on the health of your
skeletal system.
Caring for the Skeletal System
 Eat a healthy diet, including foods high in calcium, vitamin D,
and phosphorus.
 Get regular physical activity, including weight-bearing
exercises.

Have regular checkups to keep your skeletal system healthy.
 Wear protective gear during sports.

During regular checkups, your doctor can
screen you for skeletal disorders such as
scoliosis.
Scoliosis
A lateral or side-to-side curvature of
the spine
Injuries and disorders harm the skeletal system.
Degenerative disorders, poor nutrition, infections,
sports injuries, and poor posture can lead to
problems of the skeletal system.
A fracture is any type of break in a bone.
Compound
Fractures
The broken end of the bone breaks through the
skin.
Simple
Fractures
The broken bone does not break through the
skin.
Fractures are also classified by the pattern of the break.
Hairline
Fractures
Parts of the bone do not separate.
Transverse
Fractures
The fracture is completely across the bone.
Comminuted
Fractures
The bone shatters into more than two pieces.
Dislocation
Occurs when a bone slips out of place, tearing
the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint.
Torn Cartilage
Can result from a sharp blow to a joint or a
severe twisting of a joint.
Bursitis
Painful inflammation of bursa, a fluid-filled sac
that helps reduce friction in joints.
Bunions
Painful swellings of the bursae in the first
joints of big toes.
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint, resulting from an injury,
natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease.

Prolonged, repeated movements can damage
tissues.


Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when
ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell,
causing numbness, a tingling sensation in the
thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in
the hand.

A bone scan can detect signs of osteoporosis, a
condition that causes bones to become weak
and brittle.
Osteoporosis
A condition in which there is a progressive
loss of bone tissue
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
1. How does the skeletal system affect other body
systems?
The skeletal system provides support for the body, protects
internal tissues and organs from damage, acts as a
framework for attached muscles, allows movement of
limbs and digits, produces new red and white blood cells,
and stores fat and minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. How do bones form?
All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage.
Early in development, the cartilage hardens into
bone through ossification.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. How can you help avoid injury to your bones
and joints?
Eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise,
wearing protective gear during physical activity,
and getting regular checkups
The Muscular System
The muscular system enables the
limbs and other parts of the body to
move.
smooth muscles
skeletal muscles
flexor
extensor
cardiac muscle
tendinitis
hernia
The muscular system allows for voluntary and
involuntary movements.
Your muscular system allows you to move.

Involuntary muscle movements help you
breathe, make your heart beat, and move food
through your digestive system.

Skeletal muscles
work in pairs to
produce
movement.
Muscles consist of long, fibrous cells that can
shorten and stretch to make muscles move.
Major muscles in the body are made up of hundreds
of bundles of muscle fibers.

When bundles of muscles are stimulated by
nerve impulses, or signals, they contract, or
shorten.


When they relax, the bundles extend, or stretch.
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth
Muscle
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle

Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles.
Smooth muscles
Muscles that act on the lining of the
body’s passageways and hollow
internal organs

Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal, and
almost all skeletal muscles are under
voluntary control.
Skeletal muscles
Muscles attached to bone that cause
body movements

When you bend and straighten your arm at the
elbow, the biceps is the flexor.
Flexor
The muscle that closes a
joint

When you bend and straighten your arm at the
elbow, the triceps is the extensor.
Extensor
The muscle that opens a
joint

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and is
responsible for the contraction of your heart.
Your heart beats 100,000 times each day.
Cardiac muscle
A type of striated muscle that
forms the wall of the heart
Eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise
will help you care for your muscular system.
Muscle tone is the natural tension in the fibers of a
muscle.
Get regular exercise.
Eat high protein foods to build muscle.
Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles.
Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect
muscles during any physical activity.
Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool down
after exercising to prevent injury.

Prepare your
muscles by
stretching before
beginning a
workout.
Caring for the muscular system can help prevent
health problems and injuries.
Recovery from muscle injuries varies according to
the type and severity of the injury or disease.

Bruises are areas of discolored skin that appear
after an injury that causes the blood vessels
beneath the skin to rupture and leak.


Large bruises can be treated with an ice pack to
reduce initial swelling.

Muscle strains or sprains result when muscles
are stretched or partially torn from
overexertion.


Apply ice to strains to reduce swelling, and rest
the affected area.

Tendinitis can be caused by injury, overuse, or
natural aging.
Tendinitis
The inflammation of a
tendon

Hernias commonly occur in the abdomen from
straining to lift a heavy object. Surgery can
usually repair hernias.
Hernia
An organ or tissue protrudes
through an area of weak
muscle

Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder in
which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively
destroyed.


There is no cure, but with early detection,
muscle weakness can be delayed through
exercise programs.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
1. What are the functions of the muscular
system?
The muscular system allows for voluntary and
involuntary movements.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. Where is smooth muscle found?
Smooth muscle is found in the lining of the
body’s passageways and hollow internal organs,
such as in the digestive tract, the urinary
bladder, the lining of the blood vessels, and
passageways into the lungs.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. What is a hernia? How can you get one?
A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue
protrudes through an area of weak muscle. A
hernia in the abdomen can be caused by straining
to lift a heavy object.
The Nervous System
The nervous system sends messages
through the nerves to coordinate all
the body’s activities.
neurons
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
epilepsy
cerebral palsy
The nervous system coordinates all of the activities
in the body.
Your nervous system is a complex network that
allows communication between the brain and parts
of the body.

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves work
together, transmitting messages between
organs, tissues, and cells.

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the
brain and spinal cord.


The peripheral nervous system (PNS) gathers
information from inside and outside your
body.

The PNS includes nerves that extend from the
brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors, such
as those in the skin.


The CNS receives messages from the nerves in
the PNS, interprets them, and sends out a
response.
Neurons transmit messages from the brain and
spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Neurons transmit messages to and from the
spinal cord and brain.
Neurons
Nerve cells
The Three Types of Neurons
Sensory
Neurons
Motor Neurons
Interneurons
Carry messages from receptors in the body
to the CNS.
Carry messages from the CNS back to muscles
or glands in response to an impulse.
Communicate with and connect other
neurons.
The Three Main Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axons

The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus,
which regulates the production of proteins
within the cell.

Dendrites are branched structures that extend
from the cell body in most neurons.


Dendrites receive information and transmit
impulses toward the cell body.

Axons transmit impulses away from the cell
body and toward another neuron, muscle cell,
or gland.

A nerve impulse begins when a sensory
receptor is stimulated. The impulse travels to
the CNS and is interpreted with the help of an
interneuron.


Then an impulse is sent to a muscle cell or
gland in response to the stimulus.
The central nervous system is made up of the
brain and spinal cord.
The brain and spinal cord send and receive impulses
to and from nerves in the body.

The brain coordinates and controls the
activities of the nervous system.


Your brain helps you to receive and process
messages; to think, remember, reason, and feel
emotions; and to coordinate muscle
movements.
Three Main Divisions of the Brain
The
Cerebrum
The
Cerebellum
The
Brain Stem

Billions of neurons in the cerebrum are the
center of conscious thought, learning, and
memory.
cerebrum
The largest and most
complex part of the brain

The cerebrum’s right and left sides, or
hemispheres, communicate with each other to
coordinate movement.


The right hemisphere controls the left side of
the body, and the left hemisphere controls the
right side of the body.
Left
Hemisphere
Right
Hemisphere
The center for
The center of processing
language,
music and art
reasoning, and and
critical
comprehendin
thinking skills. g spatial
relationships.
Each hemisphere of the brain has four lobes.
The Frontal
Lobe
Controls voluntary movements and has a role in use of
language. Possibly involved with intellect and personality.
The Parietal
Lobe
Involved with sensory information, including feelings of heat,
cold, pain, touch, and body position in space.
The Occipital
Lobe
Controls the sense of sight.
The Temporal
Lobe
Contains the sense of hearing and smell, as well as memory,
thought, and judgment.

The cerebellum coordinates the movement of
skeletal muscles and maintains the body’s
posture and balance.
Cerebellum
The second largest part of
the brain

Incoming sensory impulses and outgoing
motor impulses pass through the brain stem.
Brain stem
A 3-inch-long stalk of nerve cells and
fibers that connects the spinal cord to
the rest of the brain
Parts of the Brain Stem
The medulla
oblongata
Regulates heartbeat, respiratory rate, and reflexes
such as coughing and sneezing.
The pons
Helps regulate breathing and controls the muscles
of the eyes and face.
The midbrain
Controls eyeball movement, pupil size, and the
reflexive response of turning your head.
The thalamus
Relays incoming sensory impulses from the eyes,
the ears, and from pressure receptors in the skin.
The hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep, and
controls secretions from the pituitary gland.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of the
nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord.
The PNS carries messages between the CNS and part
of the body, signaling internal and external changes.

The PNS is made up of:


the autonomic nervous system
the somatic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system controls such
involuntary functions as digestion and heart
rate.

The autonomic nervous system consists of a
network of nerves divided into two smaller
networks:

the sympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system causes a
reflex when you are startled, sending messages
that cause your heart rate to increase.


Blood vessels in your muscles dilate, allowing
greater blood flow and preparing you to react
in a dangerous situation.

A reflex is the body’s spontaneous response to
a stimulus.


Reflexes can prevent injuries such as a burn
from a hot stove.
How Your Reflexes Work

The parasympathetic nervous system slows
body functions during periods of rest to
conserve energy.


It also stimulates production of saliva and
stomach secretions to promote the digestion of
food.

The somatic nervous system involves voluntary
responses that are under your control.


Sensory neurons relay messages from the eyes,
ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the CNS, and
motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to
skeletal muscles.
Making healthful choices can protect your nervous
system from injury.
Making healthful choices keeps a nervous system
functioning properly.






Eat a well-balanced diet

Do not use drugs and alcohol, which can permanently damage
nerve cells.
Exercise regularly
Get enough sleep
Wear a safety belt when in a motor vehicle.
Never dive into shallow water
Wear a helmet and other protective gear while riding a bicycle,
motorcycle, or other open vehicle, or when enjoying a contact
sport.
Headaches
Injury to the nervous
system affects the
immediate tissues, and
may lead to other
problems, including:
Head Injuries
Spinal Injuries
Meningitis

Headaches can be caused by muscle tension,
eyestrain, exposure to fumes, a sinus infection,
dehydration, or food allergies.


Migraines are recurrent headaches that may be
accompanied by sensitivity to light.
Each year, 435,000 American children and teens sustain
brain injuries.
Concussion
Contusion
Coma
a temporary
loss of
consciousness
a bruising of the
brain tissues that
causes swelling
caused by
major trauma

Spinal cord injuries require medical care.


Swelling of the spinal cord or the tissue around
it can result in temporary loss of nerve
function. If the spinal cord is severed, paralysis
results.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the spinal and
cranial meninges caused by bacterial or viral
infection.


Meningitis is very serious and can result in
death.

Degenerative nervous system diseases occur
over time as cells break down.
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s
Disease
Alzheimer’s

Causes of epilepsy include brain damage at
birth, infections, head injury, or exposure to
toxins.
Epilepsy
A disorder of the nervous system that is
characterized by recurrent seizures—sudden
episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the
brain

Physical therapy and medication help patients
cope with cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy
A group of neurological disorders that are the
result of damage to the brain before, during, or
just after birth or in early childhood
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
1. Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?
The nucleus is located in the cell body.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. How can a reflex prevent injury?
A reflex is a spontaneous response of the body
to a stimulus. Reflexes allow a person to
respond to and avoid danger.
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. What are some causes of nervous diseases and
disorders?
Some diseases of the nervous system are
degenerative, while others may result from head
injury or neurological problems.
Review!
Test!