Chapter 40: Immune System Chapter 41: Nervous System Chapter
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Transcript Chapter 40: Immune System Chapter 41: Nervous System Chapter
Immune System
Nervous System
Hormones and Endocrine
Systems
Chapter 40: Immune System
– a disease causing agent
1st line of defense: Skin and
mucous membranes
2nd line of defense: inflammatory
response, temperature response,
proteins and white blood cells (wbc)
Pathogen
Temperature
response: body
temperature increases to kill bacteria
Temperature greater than 103oF are
dangerous
Temperature greater than 105oF are
fatal
– wbc that ingest and
kill pathogens they encounter
Cytotoxic T Cells – attack and kill
infected cells
B Cells – labels invaders for later
destruction
Macrophage
T cells – active cytotoxic T
cells and B cells
Antigen-substance that triggers an
immune response
Koch’s Postulates are a guide for
identifying specific pathogens
Helper
– resistance to a
particular disease
Vaccine – solution that contains
dead or modified pathogen that can
no longer cause disease. A vaccine
triggers an immune response
without symptoms of infection.
Immunity
You can get infectious disease
through:
Person
to person contact
Air
Food
Water
Animal
bites
Allergy-the body’s inappropriate
response to a normally harmless antigen
Autoimmune disease-body launches an
immune response against its own cells
attacking them as they were pathogens.
They can no longer distinguish “self”
from “nonself”.
HIV causes AIDS when the body can no
longer fight off other infections because of
the destruction of helper T cells.
If a person’s blood contains antibodies to
HIV they are HIV positive.
HIV is transmitted through body fluids
including blood. Can also be transmitted
through sexual contact, breast milk, and
needles.
Chapter 41: Nervous System
– nerve cell
Neurons enable
movement, perception,
thought, emotion and
learning.
Neuron
Dendrites receive information
FROM other cells.
Axon conduct (sends) nerve impulses
TO other cells
Nerves
are
bundles
of
axons.
Synapse – a junction at which a
neuron meets another cell.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The CNS consists of
the brain and spinal
cord.
The CNS interprets
and responds to
information from the
environment and from
within the body.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory
neurons send information
from sense organs.
Example of a sense organ: skin,
eyes, ears, nose, mouth
Motor neurons send commands
from the CNS to muscles and
other organs.
Brain
Body’s
processing center.
Contains about 100 billion neurons.
Enables you to have thoughts,
feelings, emotions, behavior,
memories, and the ability to learn
and process information.
Spinal Cord
Dense
cable of nervous tissue
that runs through the vertebral
column to a level just below
the ribs.
Links brain to the peripheral
nervous system.
Somatic Nervous System
Consists of most motor neurons that
stimulate skeletal muscle.
Reflexes, although involuntary, are also
part of the somatic nervous system. A
reflex is a self-protective motor response.
Reflex – sudden, involuntary contraction
of muscles in response to a stimulus
Autonomic Nervous System
Consists of peripheral motor neurons that
regulate smooth muscles such as heart rate, all
the body systems, and secretions of glands.
Has 2 divisions:
Sympathetic – fight or flight response
Parasympathetic – keeps body functioning
when you are not active (able to breathe
while sleeping)
Chapter 42: Hormones and the
Endocrine System
Hormones
are substances
secreted by cells that act
to regulate the activity of
other cells in the body.
Function:
Regulating growth, development, behavior,
and reproduction
Coordinating the production, use, and
storage of energy
Maintaining homeostasis (temperature,
regulation, metabolism, excretion and water
and salt balance)
Responding to stimuli from outside the body
Endocrine
glands are ductless organs
that secrete hormones directly into
either the bloodstream or the fluid
around cells. (extra cellular fluid)
Organs include the brain, stomach,
small intestine, kidneys, liver and
heart.
Exocrine
glands deliver
substances through ducts
(tubelike structures).
Organs include sweat glands,
mucous glands, and other
digestive glands.
Target cell are a specific cell that a hormone
binds to and acts on (carriers the message to)
If high levels of hormones stimulate the output
of even more hormone, the regulation is celled
positive feedback.
Negative feedback is a change in one direction
stimulates the control mechanism to counteract
further in change in the same direction.
Hypothalamus is the area of the brain that
coordinates the activities of the nervous
and endocrine systems.
Controls many body functions including:
Body Temperature
Blood Pressure
Emotions
Pituitary Gland is an endocrine gland suspended
from the hypothalamus by a short stalk.
Insulin
is a hormone that lowers
blood glucose levels by promoting
the accumulation of glycogen in the
liver.
Glucagon had the opposite effect of
insulin; it raises blood glucose
levels
Diabetes mellitus is a serious disorder in
which cells unable to obtain glucose from the
blood, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
Type I – is a hereditary autoimmune
disease (usually treated with insulin dose
everyday)
Type II – develops in people over 40 due
to obesity and an inactive lifestyle