Transcript The Nervous System

Biology – Common Assessment #9.
Fourteen easy questions if you pay close attention.
Circulatory,
Respiratory
and Excretory
Systems as well
as the
Digestive, and
Nervous and
Endocrine
Systems
The Nervous and Endocrine*
systems are responsible for
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Increased perspiration, a higher body
temperature, and a rapidly beating heart
rate in stressful situations. These body
responses are most likely the result of the
interaction of the Nervous and
Endocrine systems*.
What is a Kidney?
The kidney
In humans, the kidneys
are two small organs
located near at the
small of the back.
The left kidney lies a
little higher than the
right kidney. They are
bean-shaped, about 4 in.
long and about 2 1/2 in.
wide.
What are the kidneys major
function?
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The kidneys have a
couple of different
functions. The main
purpose* of the
kidney is to
separate urea,
mineral salts,
toxins, and other
waste products
from the blood.
The kidneys also
conserve water, salts,
and electrolytes.
 At least one kidney
must function
properly for life to
be maintained.
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The Heart's Electrical
System
The heart is a hollow muscle that is a
little larger than a person's fist.
Think of it as a pump, made up of four
compartments or chambers, with two
upper chambers called the atria, which
receive blood from the body and lungs.
This blood travels through valves to the
two lower chambers, called the
ventricles.
The ventricles pump the blood to the
lungs and throughout the body.
In order for the heart to squeeze and
pump blood, it needs a sort of spark
plug, an electrical impulse, to start a
heartbeat.
The heart normally beats faster when
you are exercising or excited and it
beats more slowly when you are at rest
or sleeping.
The action potential you see
here can be described as:
An electrical impulse*
Monitoring Heart Activity
The heart contains special
tissue that produces and
sends electrical impulses
to the heart muscle. It is
these impulses that trigger
the heart to contract. Each
time the heart beats, it
sends out an electric-like
signal. The heart's electrical
signals can be measured
with a special machine
called an electrocardiogram
(EKG or ECG).
The thyroid*
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The thyroid is one of
the largest endocrine
glands in the body. This
gland is found in the
neck, below the Adam’s
apple.
The thyroid controls
how quickly the body
uses energy, makes
proteins, and controls
how sensitive the body
should be to other
hormones. (metabolism)
What Is the Function of the
Digestive System*?

The primary function
of the digestive system
is to chemically
break down the food,
to mechanically
break food apart, to
absorb nutrient
materials so the
body can use them to
build and nourish cells
and provide energy.
Parathyroid Glands*
The parathyroid glands
are small endocrine glands
in the neck that produce
parathyroid hormone.
Humans have four
parathyroid glands, which
are usually located behind
the thyroid gland.
 Parathyroid glands*
control the amount of
calcium in the blood
and within the bones.

The major function of the
parathyroid glands is to
maintain the body's
calcium level within a very
narrow range, so that the
nervous and muscular
systems can function
properly.
 When blood calcium
levels drop below a
certain point, calciumsensing receptors in the
parathyroid gland are
activated to release
hormones into the
blood.
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SKIN*
The Multi-Purpose Organ
Where other important organs serve
very specific and rather limited (though
admittedly important) functions (the
heart pumps blood, the brain thinks
and controls motion and reaction,
etc…) the skin provides an almost
limitless number of features which are
often take for granted.
 First and foremost, the skin is like a
very flexible, amazingly agile full suit of
armor. It protects all of the much
more fragile organs on the inside
from all the very harmful and abrasive
stuff in the outside world. Sure it
doesn’t do much against bullets, knives
or slivers, but against the common
barrage of potentially harmful,
unsanitary things in the world, it works
to near perfection.
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The skin performs the following
purposes:***
◦ Protection
◦ Elimination of waste
products
◦ Controls body
temperature
The Nervous System
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The nervous system collects and processes
information, analyzes it, and generates
coordinated output to control complex
behaviors.
The nervous system also is partly
responsible for homeostasis.
It works in conjunction with the endocrine
system by employing nerve impulses and by
responding rapidly to stimuli to adjust body
processes and signaling muscle tissues to
contract.*
The Human Nervous System
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Humans, like all living
organisms, can respond to
their environment.
Humans have two
complimentary control
systems to do this: the
nervous system and the
endocrine (hormonal)
system.
The human nervous
system controls everything
from breathing and
producing digestive
enzymes, to memory and
intelligence.
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A neuron has a cell body
with extensions leading
off it.
Numerous dendrites
provide a large surface
area for connecting with
other neurons and carry
nerve impulses towards
the cell body.
A single long axon
carries the nerve
impulse away from the
cell body
Includes the lungs, liver, skin, and
kidneys*.
The Excretory System removes the
unwanted materials from our body.
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Several organs are involved with the excretory system, including the
kidneys, skin, (sweat glands), lungs and liver.
Excretion is vital to the health of the body because the wastes are
poisonous.
If the wastes build up and are not eliminated, they can cause serious
problems.
The water contains salt. the salt needs to be kept at the right
concentrations. If there is too little salt the body feeds it more, if there is
too much salt the body gets rid of the salt not needed. This is the task of
the two kidneys.
The liver acts as a filter for the blood. It cleans out toxic waste and acid in
the blood.
The skin plays a major role in excretion. It helps the body get rid of
excess water, salts, and waste such as urea.
As you know, carbon dioxide and water vapor are removed by the lungs.
Other wastes, namely urea, uric acid, various salts, and assorted
nitrogenous wastes, are removed by the kidneys and sweat glands.
Neurons*
Neurons are the specialized
cells of the nervous system.
 The neurons are
responsible for the
transmission of electrical
impulses to and from the
central nervous system.
 The main structures of the
neuron are, the cell body, the
axon*, and the dendrite*.
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Neurons create
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Action potentials*
are caused by an
exchange of ions
across the neuron
membrane.
What is the respiratory
system*?
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Your respiratory system is
made up of the organs in
your body that help you
to breathe.
Remember, that
Respiration = Breathing.
The goal of breathing is to
deliver oxygen to the
body and to take away
carbon dioxide.
The general organization of the
Nervous System
The nervous system is broken down into
two major systems the Central
Nervous System and the Peripheral
Nervous System.
 These two systems are in control of
sensory input, integration, and motor
output.
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Endocrine System
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The endocrine system functions in long
term behavior and works in conjunction
with the nervous system in regulating
internal functions and maintaining
homeostasis