Transcript Skeletal, Muscular, & Nervous System

Skeletal, Muscular, & Nervous
System
Chapter 15
Functions of the skeletal system
Provides a living structure for your
body
Supports your upper body and head
Plays a crucial role in movement
Protects internal tissues and organs
from trauma
Store minerals
Structure of the skeleton
You have 206 bones in your body
Axial Skeleton – the 80 bones of the
skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, and
sternum or breastbone
Appendicular skeleton – the
remaining 126 bones of the upper
and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips
Types of bones
Long Bones – your arms and legs
– Humerus is the bone in your upper arm
– Diaphysis main column of a long bone
– Epiphysis is the end of a long bone
Types of bones
Short Bones – are almost equal in
length and width
– Small bones in the wrist & ankles
Types of bones
Flat Bones – somewhat thinner and
much flatter than other bones
– The skull, scapula, or shoulder blade are
all examples
Types of bones
Irregular Bones – are irregularly
shaped
– Some facial bones & vertebrae are
examples
Cartilage
Cartilage – a strong, flexible
connective tissue
– Found at the ends of long bones
– End of the nose
– Within the outer ear
– In some joints like the knee & acts like
a cushion
Cartilage
Ossification – is the process by which
bone is formed, renewed, & repaired
– This happens early in the embryonic
developmental stage
Joints
Joints are points at which bones
meet
Types of Joints
Ball-&-socket joint – formed when
the rounded head of one bone fits
into the rounded cavity of an
adjoining bone
Hinge joint – found at the elbow,
knee, ankle & fingers
Pivot joints – allow limited rotation or
turning of the head
Types of Joints
Ellipsoidal joints – such as the ones
in your wrist, have an oval-shaped
part that fits into a curved space
Ligament – a band of fibrous, slightly
elastic connective tissue that
attaches bone to bone
Tendon – a fibrous cord that attaches
muscle to the bone
Care & Problems of the
Skeletal System
Lesson 2
Problems of the skeletal system
Fractures – any type of break in a
bone
They can be either compound or
simple
Compound – one in which the broken
bones protrudes through the skin
Simple – one in which the broken
bone does not protrude
Types of Fractures
Hairline fracture –the fracture is
incomplete & the two parts of the
bones do not separate
Transverse fracture – the fracture is
completely across the bone
Comminuted fracture – the bone
shatters into more than 2 pieces
Osteoporosis
You can only develop bone now while
you are growing. Your habits now
will affect you later in life
Osteoporosis – a condition in which
progressive loss of bone tissue
occurs
Usually affects millions of older
Americans & has no warning signs
Scoliosis
Scoliosis – is a lateral, or side-toside, curvature of the spine
This may exist at the time of birth,
or it can develop during childhood
Treatments include wearing braces
to help straighten the spine and
possibly even surgery in severe
cases
Injuries to Joints
Dislocation – results when the
ligaments that attach the bone at the
joint are torn as the bone slips out of
place
Torn cartilage – can result from a
sharp blow or the twisting of a joint
Bursitis – results from the
inflammation of a fluid-filled sac
called the bursa
Injuries to Joints
Bunion – is a painful swelling of the
bursa in the first joint of the big toe
Arthritis – is the inflammation of a
joint
Repetitive motion injury – is damage
to tissue caused by prolonged,
repeated movements such as in
computer work, sewing or assembly
line work
The Muscular System
Lesson 3
Functions of the muscular system
Help you to breathe, make your
heart beat, and move food through
your digestive system
Voluntary muscles – muscles you
knowingly move
Involuntary muscles – muscles that
move without your conscious control
Structure of the Muscular System
Muscles are made up of hundreds of
long cells called fibers
Muscles work by means of two
complementary or opposing actions
Contraction – shortening of the
muscles
Extension – lengthening of the
muscles
Types of Muscles
Smooth muscles – act on the lining
of passageways and internal organs
(they are involuntary)
Skeletal Muscles – are attached to
bone and cause body movements
(they are voluntary)
– Flexor – the muscle that close a joint
– Extensor – the muscle that opens a joint
Types of Muscles
Cardiac muscles – a type of striated
muscle that forms the wall of the
heart (it is an involuntary muscle)
Care of the Muscular System
Muscle tone – the natural tension in
the fibers of a muscle
– Regular physical activity can help to
keep your muscles toned
Problems of the Muscular System
Bruise – is an area of discolored skin
that appears after an injury causes
the blood vessels beneath the skin to
rupture and leak
Muscle sprain or strain – a strained
muscles results when a muscle is
stretched or partially torn as a result
of overexertion
Problems of the Muscular System
Muscles strains are treated using the
– Rest
– Ice
– Compression
– Elevation
– Or RICE method
Problems of the Muscular System
Tendonitis – or the inflammation of a
tendon
Caused by injury, overuse, or natural
aging
Hernia – when an organ or tissue
protrudes through an area of weak
muscle
Problems of the Muscular System
Muscular Dystrophy – is an inherited
disorder in which skeletal muscle
fibers are progressively destroyed
The Nervous System
Lesson 4
Functions of the nervous system
It coordinates all of the activities in
your body including
– Breathing
– Or digesting food to sensing pain or
feeling fear
Functions of the nervous system
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves
all work together
The nervous system has 2 main
divisions
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Functions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System – consists of
the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System – gathers
information from inside and outside
your body
Neurons
Neurons – are nerve cells
Neurons
Cell body – the cell body of a neuron
contains the nucleus, the control
center of the cell
Neuron cells have limited ability to
repair damage or replace destroyed
cells
Neurons
Dendrites – are branched structures
that extend from the cell body in
most neurons
They receive information from other
neurons or sensory receptors and
transmit impulses toward the cell
body
Neurons
Axons – transmit impulses away
from the cell body and toward
another neuron, muscle cell, or gland
Axons that are covered by a myelin
sheath can transmit impulses faster
than those without a cover
Central Nervous System
Parts of the central nervous system
include the spinal cord & the brain
Brain – the main job of the brain is
to integrate & control the activities of
the nervous system
Parts of the brain
Cerebrum – the largest and most
complex part of the brain, its job is
to focus on thought, learning and
memory
– Frontal lobe – controls voluntary
movements & has a role in the use of
language
– Parietal lobe – is involved with sensory
information such as heat, cold, pain,
touch a, & body position
Parts of the brain
– Occipital lobe – controls the sense of
vision
– Temporal lobe – controls the senses of
hearing & smell; it is also involved with
memory, thought, and judgment
Parts of the brain
Cerebellum – the second largest part
of the brain, its job is to coordinate
the movement of skeletal muscles
Parts of the brain
Brain stem – is a 3” stalk of nerve
cells & fibers that connects the spinal
cord to the rest of the brain
– Medulla oblongata – is the lowest part
of the brain stem, helps to regulate
heartbeat & respiratory rate as well as
reflexes such as sneezing, coughing, &
vomiting
Medulla oblongata
Has 3 parts to it
– Pons – located just above the medulla.
This is the pathway connecting nerve
impulses to other areas of the brain.
Helps regulate breathing
– Midbrain – the highest portion of the
brain stem. Controls eyeball movement
Medulla oblongata
– Thalamus – an important relay center
for incoming sensory impulses.
Receives information through the eyes
and the ears
– Hypothalamus – controls balance and
various body processes to regulate body
temperature, appetite awareness, and
regulates sleep
– Pituitary gland – controls metabolism,
sexual development & emotional
responses
The Peripheral Nervous System
Includes all the nerves that are not
part of the Central Nervous System
(CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System can
be divided into 2 parts
– Autonomic Nervous System
– Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary actions such as
digestion & heart rate
The Autonomic nervous system is
broken down into 2 parts
– Sympathetic nervous system
– Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Cause your heart rate to increase
and blood vessels leading to your
muscles to dilate
Reflex – s spontaneous response of
the body to a stimulus
Parasympathetic nervous system
During rest it opposes the actions of
the sympathetic system by slowing
body functions
Slows down heartbeats, opens blood
vessels, and lowers blood pressure
Somatic Nervous System
Consists of sensory neurons that
relay messages from receptors in the
eyes, ear, nose, tongue, & skin to
the CNS & motor neurons that carry
impulses from the CNS to the
skeletal muscles
Care & Problems of the
Nervous System
Lesson 5
Problems of the Nervous System
Drug & alcohol use can destroy brain
cells & cause nervous system
disorders
Degenerative Disease
Parkinson’s Disease – is the destruction of
nerve cells in an area of the brain that
helps coordinate skeletal muscle
movement
Multiple Sclerosis – the destruction of the
myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of
neurons in the CNS. Voluntary control of
your muscles gradually decreases. The
body basically attacks its own tissues
Degenerative Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease – when neurons
are destroyed. They are then unable
to transmit impulses.
– Resulting in loss of memory & confusion
Other disorders & problems
Epilepsy – a disorder of the nervous
system that is characterized by
recurrent seizures
Cerebral palsy – a group of
nonprogressive neurological
disorders that are the result of
damage to the brain before, during,
or just after birth or in early
childhood