Transcript File - Don Dickinson

University High School
AP World History
The Roaring Twenties
o Period of financial and political
stability
o Postwar inflation occurred as
governments printed new
money instead of raising taxes
o The United States’ economy
and culture boomed in the
1920’s.
o
New mass consumerism and popular
culture (flappers; radio; films; jazz;
modern art)
o
Great Gatsby captured excesses of
the age
The Roaring Twenties
o US entered a period of
isolation after refusing to
enter the League of
Nations.
o Kellogg-Briand Pact of
1928: renounced the use
of war and called for the
peaceful settlement of
disputes
The Global Great Depression (1929-1933)
o
WWI devastated European
economies; Germany unable to
make reparations payments  Britain
and France unable to repay war
debts to US.
o Employment in key sectors (coal,
iron, textiles) began to decline; less
demand postwar.
o October 1929: The New York Stock
Market crashed.
o Investors were building up high
debt because of easy credit;
when stock market crashed,
people pulled their money; banks
collapsed.
The Global Great Depression (1929-1933)
o
Global results
o Unemployment and lower
wages n US, Germany,
Britain, Latin Am.
o Western luxury purchases
collapsed; hurt Japanese
and Chinese economies.
o People stopped buying
goods to save money,
which hurt production levels
and employment.
o Dust Bowl of 1930s: period of
severe dust storms and
droughts in US prairies
FDR’s New Deal (1933-1938)
o Most governments tried to cut
spending and many raised tariffs;
worsened Global Depression.
o Governments saw an
incapacitated parliamentary
system or the overturning of
parliamentary systems in favor of
fascism
o American President Herbert
Hoover had waited for the
economy to naturally grow;
voted out in 1932
FDR’s New Deal (1933-1938)
o President Franklin D. Roosevelt offered “New
Deal.”
o
Inspired by English economist John Maynard
Keynes (if people do not consume/spend
enough, national income will fall)
o
o
Rapid government growth
o
Social Security created: provide protection in
unemployment and old age
o
Stimulates American economy and restored faith
in gov.
Offered more direct aid to Americans through
increased unemployment benefits and jobs on
public works projects
What event most directly causes the Global
Great Depression?
2. FDR’s New Deal was focused on: _____.
1.
Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)
o
o
o
President Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) encouraged economic
growth among wealthy classes; did not benefit peasants.
o Mexico was not self-sufficient, relying too much on
foreign investments and exports (esp. Britain)
1910: Rebellion occurred over election reform
o Land reform, financial reform, political reform,
education
Poncho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led rebellions that
drove Diaz from power.
o Essentially functioned as caudillos of their territories
(Villa: north; Zapata: south
o Primary goal: redistribute land owned by wealthy
landowners
o Villa and Zapata fought over the nature of the new
regime, while they each remained in control of their
home territories.
Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)
o Mexico Constitution of 1917
attempted to change social
problems in Mexico.
o Granted land reform and public
education
o 1920-1924: Alvaro Obrégon elected
president; civil war ended.
o 1920s and 30s: The Party of the
Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)
developed.
o
February Revolution of 1917: Strikes
and rioting in St. Petersburg  tsar
Nicholas II abdicated.
o
o
o
Protested early industrialization that
ignored peasants, incomplete rural
reform, and an unresponsive political
system
Russia was ruled by a provisional
government for eight months led by
Alexander Kerensky.
o
Reforms were slow
October Revolution of 1917: Lenin and
Communist party took over.
o
New institutions established to help Lenin
govern:
o
o
Congress of Soviets (replaced Duma)
Supreme Soviet (elected by universal
suffrage)
Communist
Russia
o 1917: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk led
to early exit from WWI
o 1918-1922: Russian Civil War
(tsarist generals vs. Communist
Red Army)
o
July 16/17, 1918: Tsar Nicholas II
and family executed by
Bolsheviks
o
End of 304-year Romanov
dynasty
Communist
Russia
o
o
Lenin’s Russia (1917-1924)
Lenin’s initial plans: to redistribute land to
peasants and have the state take over
basic industry
o
Led to agricultural and industrial decline;
Russian post-war economy not ready for 100%
socialism
To solve this, Lenin instituted the New
Economic Policy (NEP)
o
o
Mixture of Communism and capitalism
o
Loosened trade restrictions, encouraged
relations with the West
o
Resulted in an increase of food production
Small amounts of private land ownership and
small businesses still allowed while state set
basic economic policies
o
Lenin’s Russia (1917-1924)
1919: Lenin created Comintern
o
Formal group of Bolsheviks who encouraged
Communism elsewhere
o
1923: Moscow became new capital
(create distance from Romanov past)
o
1923: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR) was created
o
Now, Russia was a communist state (economic
policy) with an authoritarian ruler (political
policy)
o
Remember: because communism relies on
governmental control of resources, communist
countries always utilize authoritarian rulers who
can manage that extreme level of control
Lenin’s New Economic Policy
(NEP)
War Communism
New Economic
Policy
Peasant
grows:
10 tons of Peasant
wheat
grows:
10 tons of
wheat
Gov
takes:
9 tons of Gov
wheat (all takes:
surplus)
5 tons of
wheat
(50%)
Peasant
left with:
1 ton of
wheat
Peasant
left with:
5 tons of
wheat
Peasant
can:
Sell 4 tons
and keep
1 ton
Stalinism (1924-1953)
o 1924: Lenin suddenly died; Joseph
o
Stalin new leader.
Stalin represented staunch antiWestern, Russian tradition and
Communism.
o
Abandoned original Leninist desire to
create an international community of
Communists
o Wanted to make the USSR a fully
industrial society under the control of
the state.
o
o
Terror tactics and labor camps
(gulags)
Under Stalin, Russia fully industrialized
Stalinism (1924-1953)
o Stalin’s economic policy:
o
1928: Collectivization of agriculture
(large, state-run farms rather than
individual farms); farmers give portion
to gov. and share the rest
o
o
Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resist  purges
(expulsion of rivals: labor camps,
executions, arrests)
Five Year Plans: government
constructed massive factories for
mining, electrical power and
metallurgy.
o
From 1927-1937, Soviet output of
machinery and metal products grew 14fold
What does Lenin accomplish in the October
Revolution?
2. What economic plan does Lenin use?
3. What economic plan does Stalin use?
1.
Republic of China (1912-1949)
o 1911: Sun Yat-sen (western-educated)
headed the Republican Revolution
and was elected president of Republic
of China
o
o
Regional warlords tried to overthrow him
o
1912: Puyi, last Qing emperor, abdicated
during Republican Revolution
Five Races Under One Union flag
adopted: represented harmony of five
major ethnic groups – Han (red),
Manchus (yellow), Mongols (blue), Hui
[Muslim Chinese] (white), Tibetans
(black)
Republic of China (1912-1949)
o
1919: At Treaty of Versailles, Japan
was granted German spheres of
influence in China; China upset as
they were allies with Entente too and
wanted that territory back
o
May 4, 1919: The May Fourth
Movement
o
Resistance to Japanese encroachments
in China from Treaty of Versailles
o
Attempt to create a liberal democracy
in China, stronger military to eject
imperial powers, and institute liberal
reforms
o
Ineffective against powerful warlords
Seizure of Power by China’s Kuomintang
o Nationalist party
(Kuomintang) was formed
o Organized by Sun Yat-sen
o 1925: Yat-sen dies; led by
Chiang Kai-shek
o Will be biggest rival for
communism
o Early accomplishments
o Crushed warlords
o Established a dictatorship
Seizure of Power by China’s Kuomintang
o Nationalists focused on political
issues; ignored famine,
education, and domestic
programs  issues important to
peasants
o Therefore, the Communist Party
posed a threat since it was more
appealing to peasants
o
1924: Nationalists form fake
alliance with Chinese Communists
o
1924: Whampoa Military Academy
opened; led by Kai-shek; US
supplied weaponry
Marxist Alternatives in China
o Li Dazhao, Chinese
intellectual, reworked Marxist
ideology to fit China.
o Li was convinced that China’s
o
small urban working class was
unable to carry out the
revolution by itself.
Because of these views, he
disregarded or played down
the doctrine of proletarian
class struggle presented in
Marxism-Leninism.
Marxist Alternatives in China
o Li Dazhao,
o
o
Li altered Marx’s two-class system by
extending it to a two-region system
(bourgeoisie, oppressive West and
proletariat China).
Believed in social reform, an
authoritarian state (to intervene
constructively in people’s lives), and
social welfare.
o 1921: Communist Party of China
created.
o
o
Young Mao Zedong a member;
influential in attracting followers
Li’s ideas formed the core of Mao’s
thinking
China
has not
industrialized
1st Estate
(Church)
2nd Estate
(royalty and aristocracy)
Proletariat
(The peasants and
working class in
China)
3rd Estate
(bourgeoisie and
peasants)
1) Early Modern
European Classes
2) Post-Industrial
Classes
Classless Society
Dazhao claims
China can have
a proletarian
revolution
without all
peasants
involved
Bourgeoisie
(The oppressive,
capitalist West)
-NO private
property
-Equity of
resources and
production
3) Post-Socialist
Revolution
Socialist
Revolution
o
Mao Zedong and Civil War (1927-1949)
1927: Kai-Shek turned against communists
and attacked them in Shanghai; civil war
breaks out.
o
o
Kai-shek captured areas in the Yangtze River
valley, Shanghai, Beijing and Huanghe River
valley.
1934: Mao Zedong led the Long March
o
o
o
90,000 communists in the Chinese Red Army
marched thousands of miles to escape
Kuomintang.
Used dilapidated wooden rifles— when armed
at all—to defend against the Nationalists’
machine guns and foreign-supplied arsenal.
During this trek, Mao solidified his position in the
Communist Party leadership and gained
followers
Mao Zedong and Civil War (1927-1949)
o Communists and Nationalists have
o
to ally during WWII to fight
Japanese invaders
Civil war between Communists
and Kuomintang ends in 1949
o
o
o
Message of communism (land
reform) had gained support with
peasants
Kai-Shek and Kuomintang fled to
Taiwan
Mao proclaimed People’s Republic
of China
How is Communism altered in China?
2. What event helps to solidify Mao Zedong’s power
in the Communist party?
1.
Militarization of Japan
o Economy remained strong in the Roaring
Twenties
o Fully industrialized after 1931: expanded
factories, arms production, shipbuilding, and
agricultural output.
o Aggressive foreign policy by government
controlled by the military.
o Entered WWI; pursues German-held islands in
Pacific and China.
o Japan proposed Twenty-One Demands to
China
o Would have reduced China to a
protectorate.
Militarization of Japan
Rise of Fascism
o Fascism: authoritarian, nationalist
regime
o
Attacked the weakness of
democracy, the corruption of
capitalism, and took control of the
economy to reduce social friction.
o Italy: Benito Mussolini emerged in
1919, formed Fascist Party, and
aimed to restore Italy to height of its
past.
o
1922-1945: Ruled as Prime Minister
o
Rise of Fascism
Benito Mussolini
o
Argued a corporate state would
replace both capitalism and socialism
with a new national unity.
o
Eliminated opponents; directed nationalist
propaganda; begins government-directed
economic programs; promoted aggressive
foreign policy
o
o
1935: Mussolini attacked and won Ethiopia;
League of Nations condemned this but did not
take action.
Spain: Francisco Franco brought fascist
party (Falange) to power through the
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
o
Franco, the general of the Spanish military, won
after three years of fighting.
Rise of Nazism & Third Reich
o
o
Weimar Republic (1919-1933): New
democratic government replaced
the German Empire; result of Treaty
of Versailles.
o
Economic chaos: severe inflation
Impact of Depression and German
humiliation post-WWI led to the rise of
fascist regime.
o
Hitler waned to recoup Germany after
WWI through aggressive foreign policy
Rise of Nazism & Third Reich
o
1933: The National Socialist, or
Nazi, regime in Germany was led
by Adolf Hitler.
o
Totalitarianism: government that
exercises massive control over
virtually all of its citizens’ actions;
state should provide guidance
and return to tradition
o
Hitler wanted unity, and a strong
leader under a centralized state
who would attack what he
claimed were Jewish influences in
Germany.
o
The Gestapo, or secret police,
arrested political opponents.
Rise of Nazism & Third Reich
o Hitler blamed Jews
for excessive
capitalism and for
weakening German
spirit (anti-Semitism)
o
Claims they had
weakened Germans
(broadly, Aryans)
who were superior
peoples
o
Post-1940s: pursues
literal and complete
elimination of Jews.
Timeline of Hitler’s Rise
o 1933: Hitler set up totalitarian
state.
o 1935: Rearms Germany,
disregarding Treaty of Versailles
o 1938: Anschluss (unification
with Austria)
o 1938: Munich Conference
leads to policy of
appeasement (GB and Fr have
Germany promise not to take
more territory)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Timeline of Hitler’s Rise
1933: Hitler set up totalitarian state.
1935: Rearms Germany,
disregarding Treaty of Versailles
1938: Anschluss (unification with
Austria)
1938: Munich Conference leads to
policy of appeasement (GB and Fr
have Germany promise not to take
more territory)
1939: Hitler annexes Czechoslovakia
1939: Nonaggression pact with
Soviet Union
September 1, 1939: Hitler attacked
Poland  begins WWII
Describe fascism. What three countries in Europe
develop large fascist parties?
2. List some early events that gained Hitler power.
1.