Transcript Final Exam
Final Exam Review Semester 2 TEST COVERS the following units: 1)Russian Revolution 2)Age of Anxiety 3)World War II 4)Gandhi 5)Cold War 6)Middle East/Current Events Russian Revolution Lenin builds an Empire 1917-1924 Russian Revolution Road to Revolution Russo-Japanese War (1904) Nicholas II (Rules 1894-1917) Poor Performance Bloody Sunday (1905) World War I (1914) Duma Established 1906 Unprepared Dissolves Duma Russia During World War I • Morale very low – Soldiers deserting the Army • Economy is very weak – High prices, shortages, etc… • Bolsheviks demanding change at home • Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI Bolsheviks • Russian Marxist group that wanted reform • Leader: Vladimir Lenin • Fled Russia in early 1900’s to avoid arrest TIMELINE Lenin takes power in 1917 Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 Russia falls into Civil War 1918-20 15 million people die! (war, famine, disease) Economy destroyed! Communism: Theory vs Reality Karl Marx Wrote Communist Manifesto [1848] Predicted the collapse of capitalism Stalin Wrap-Up • • • • • • Rules until his death in 1953 USSR becomes much stronger military Majority of Russians live in poverty Totalitarian Government which rules by fear Fights with USA in World War II After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA – Cold war starts 1945-1990 Age of Anxiety 1919-1939 Early 20th Century: The world experiments with NEW ways to govern society. Totalitarianism Nazism Fascism Communism Socialism Democracy & Capitalism ISM’s of the 20th Century End of World War I leads to the rise of Totalitarian Ideologies 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Socialism Totalitarianism Fascism Nazism Communism Around the World Results of Great Depression • European countries were just beginning to recover from World War I • The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy. • Japanese Economy begins to suffer • Helps Hitler assume power in Germany Hitler’s Dance • 1935-- Rearmament begins in Germany • 1936-- Moves into the Rhineland • 1938 -- Seize Austria & demands Sudetenland • 1938-- Munich Conference Hitler & Stalin’s Nonaggression Pact • 1939 10-year pact signed • Secretly agree to divide Poland – other countries promised to Stalin • Hitler was assured there would be no attack from the east. (USSR) Appeasement World War II 1939-1945 World War II Battle of Britain Poland Invasion Pearl Harbor Battle of Stalingrad & Operation Torch D-Day <-------------------------------------------------> 1939 1940 France Falls 1941 Invasion Soviet Union 1942 1943 Battle of Midway 1944 1945 Germany Surrenders 3-Theatres of War: European, African & Pacific Two Front War • U.S. & Great Britain concentrate on Southern Europe & Northern Africa • Soviet Union fight on its “own” against Germany on eastern front • U.S. will continue fight against Japan Hitler’s Plan • Step 1: Immigration: tried to “export” Jews to other countries – Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000 – Latin America 40,000 • Step 2: Ghettos: Hitler turned to isolation as immigration proved limited • Step 3: Final Solution- moved Jews to concentration camps and began mass killings The Final Numbers • 6,000,000 Jewish deaths » • • • • • Poland Soviet Union Hungary Romania Germany Original Population 3,300,000 2,850,000 650,000 600,000 240,000 Killed 3,000,000 1,252,000 450,000 300,000 200,000 Can we Learn From History? Goal: Long lasting Peace To do list: Countries need new Borders New Governments New League of Nations Countries need to be rebuilt Trials for “War Crimes” for Nazi Leaders Communist Triumph in China Civil War leads to Communism 1920-1950 China Summary • Chinese society was based on tradition • Western influence was forced and came late to China • Opium War of 1839 changes China • China fall into civil war 1900-1950 as Qing dynasty collapses 1946-49 Civil War 1950-1958 Mao’s Communism 1958-61 “The Great Leap” Mao loses power 1966-76 Cultural Revolution Communist China Summary • Economic failure • Few advances in technology & industry • Today, China is finally starting to “catch up” with industrialized countries • China is using Capitalism to get their economy to grow today Mohandas Gandhi Indian Independence Before Gandhi: India Summary • A history of being ruled by “outsiders” • Strong religious tension between dominant Hindu population and Muslims • Did not truly push for independence until after World War I • Amritsar Massacre was the turning point in independence movement Gandhi’s Influence • 1920 Indian National Congress endorses civil disobedience (non-violence) as means to achieve independence • 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the Indian National Congress • Gandhi never OFFICIALLY held political office! Mahatma in India • • • • • • 1919 1922 1930 1932 1947 1948 Protested Rowlett Acts Ended campaign after riots Led salt march Fasted to protest caste system Fasted to end violence Assassinated by Hindu extremist The Cold War Expands 1946-1949 IRON CURTAIN American Foreign Policy Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan 1) Containment and Brinkmanship 2) Détente 3) Renewed Arms Race 4) Collapse of Soviet Union 1945-69 1970’s 1980’s 1990 Conflicts of Cold War 1945-46: Iron Curtain 1948: Berlin Airlift 1949: Soviets test Nuclear Bomb 1950-53: Korean War 1960-73: Vietnam War 1959: Cuban Communist Revolution 1960: U-2 Incident 1961: Berlin Wall Built 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Some Factors in the collapse of Soviet Union • Overall, very poor economy • Flawed economic system (communism) • Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race • Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship • Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries & Soviet Republics • Falling oil prices in 1980’s drastically lowered income Middle East & Current Events 9/11th raises tension in the Middle East Immigration to Palestine • The Balfour Declaration (1917) started large scale immigration to Palestine • British LIMIT size of Jewish immigration – Palestinians feared being outnumbered • Promised to not infringe rights of non-Jewish population Arab States & Partition • Arab states immediately oppose partition – Islamic countries all voted against the U.N. partition • May 14th 1948 Israel is officially formed • The surrounding Arab states refuse to recognize Israel Arab-Israeli Wars • 1st War in 1948, followed by • 1956 Suez Crisis • 1967 Six-Day War • 1973 War Saudi Arabia Leader: King Faud Government: Monarchy Established: 1932 Population: 23 Million Relation to USA: Friendly---based on Oil & Military Challenges: 1) 2) 3) 4) Islamic extremist groups within country USA has military bases in Saudi Arabia Government is repressive Has more Oil than any other country Iran - Complex Government: Islamic Republic • President is “elected” President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Religious leader “Ayatollah” has significant power - Gov’t established in 1979 after Iranian Revolution which overthrew Shah Other Information: • Iranians are not Arabs (Persians) • Currently developing Nuclear Technology • US & Europe is attempting to find a diplomatic solution Spiritual Leader: Ayatollah Khamenei IRAQ • Saddam Hussein leader 1979-2003 • US invasion forces him out in 2003 • 2006 Democratic Government Formed • • • • • Challenges Diverse Population: Shia’, Sunni & Kurds Extremist Elements do not want Democracy\ Civil War is possible Security is currently very poor in Iraq USA hopes to reduce troop levels late in 2006