Transcript Change and Turning Points

Change and Turning Points
The Neolithic Revolution
Approximate Date
 10,000 BC.
Causes
 People learned to domesticate plants
and animals.
 New technologies were created which
made it easier to farm.
Effects
 Changed the way people lived.
 Instead of being nomads, people
were able to live in permanent
settlements.
Why is it a turning point?
 It was the beginning of civilizations as
people began to settle in a place and
stay there.
 River valley civilizations of the Nile,
Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates),
Indus and Yellow.
Important Inventions,
Developments etc.
 Tools (Plows, calendars, weapons –
metal).
 Permanent civilizations
Commercial Revolution
Approximate Date
 1300s.
Causes
 Crusades- trading between crusaders
and Muslims.
 Cultural diffusion- sharing of ideas
and products between groups.
Effects
 Decline in feudalism as people began
to leave the manor.
 Revival of the arts, literature and
science as people have money to
spend. (The Renaissance).
 Development of Italian city-states as
dominant trade powers.
Why is it a turning point?
 Changed the economic system of
Europe from Feudalism (Manors) to
Capitalism.
 People started having extra money
which they put into the arts (The
Renaissance)
Important Inventions,
developments etc:
 Capitalism: economic system based on
trade and capital.
 Partnerships.
 Joint Stock Companies.
 Bills of Exchange.
 Insurance.
 Guilds
 Black Plague
 Italian City-States develop.
Reformation
Dates
 1500s
Causes:
 Corruption in the Church.
 Sale of indulgences.
 Invention of the Printing Press.
Effects
 Martin Luther and John Calvin’s ideas
spread.
 Religious unity in Europe is lost.
 Catholic Church was split (Schism).
 Religious wars.
 Anti-semitism
Why is it a turning point?
 Europe is religiously divided.
 Strong monarchs (absolute) take over
for a weakened Catholic Church.
Important People
 Johann Gutenberg- Printing Press.
 Martin Luther- 95 Theses.
 John Calvin- Calvinism
Important Inventions,
developments, etc.
 Printing Press- now everyone learned
how to read.
 95 These- Martin Luther’s protest
against the Catholic Church.
 Indulgences- buying forgiveness of
sins to go to heaven.
 Predestination- God has already
decided whether you are going to
heaven or not.
Exploration
Dates:
 Late 1400s-1500s.
Causes
 Europeans were looking for an
alternate route to the East for
riches/spices.
 The Silk Road had become too
dangerous.
Effects
 Discovery of the Americas.
 Imperialism- strong countries take
over weaker countries economically,
politically and socially.
 Columbian Exchange- exchange of
goods, ideas and diseases between
east and west.
 Increase in slavery.
Why is it a turning point?
 Columbian Exchange created better
food which allowed the European
population to grow and become
dominant.
 European Colonization all over the
world (Imperialism)
 Civilizations died out at the hands of
the Europeans (Aztecs)
People
 Bartholomew Dias- 1st to the tip of
Africa.
 Vasco da Gama- 1st to go around
Africa to India.
 Columbus- 1st to discover America.
Important Ideas, developments,
etc.

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

Imperialism.
Columbian Exchange.
Triangular Trade
Middle Passage.
Scientific Revolution
Approximate Dates:
 1500s-1700s
Causes
 People began to question what they
had been taught.
Effects
 It changed what people thought
about the universe.
 Began to use the Scientific Method to
see what was true and real.
 Led to the Enlightenment.
 People started to look for right and
challenge their government.
Why a turning point?
 People didn’t just accept what the
had been told.
 People began to question what they
were taught.
Key People
 Galileo and Copernicus- Heliocentric
Theory.
 Newton- Laws of Physics.
 Enlightenment Thinkers- more rights
for people.
 Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau.
Important ideas, developments,
etc.
 Heliocentric Theory: Sun is the center
of the Universe.
 Scientific Revolution: Have an
experiment and observation for
everything.
 Humanism: The person is the most
important thing.
 Enlightenment: Government needs to
be by the people, for the people.
Revolutions
Dates:
 1700s-1900s
Causes:
 Political turmoil, social turmoil,
economic turmoil.
 Every country has their own reason
and will change their government for
a various reason(s).
French Revolution
Date:
 1780s-1810.
Causes:
 Political: Absolute monarchy of the
King.
 People wanted rights that they didn’t
have.
Socially
 French was divided into 3 classes with
the 3rd Estate being 98% of the
population, but they had the fewest
rights, owned the least amount of
land and carried the heaviest tax
burden.
Economically
 Financial crisis from overspending.
 King built many buildings including
palaces which he taxed the people on
and this made the people angry.
Effects:
 Provided an example to other nations.
 Nationalist ideas spread.
 Middle class asserted their power.
Why is it a turning point?
 Leads to revolutions all over the
world.
People:
 Maximillien Robespierre: Led the
Reign of Terror.
 Louis XVI: King at the beginning who
wasted a lot of money and taxed the
people.
 Napoleon: Emperor of France who
took over and created an empire.
Terms
 Estate: Social class of the French, 1st
and 2nd had the power. 3rd paid all of
the taxes.
 Estates General: France’s weak
legislative body.
 Reign of Terror: Killing of any French
person who was not in favor of the
Revolution.
Latin American Revolutions
Causes:
 Enlightenment ideas spreading.
 French and American Revolutions
influenced them.
 Basic inequalities in society. People
want more rights.
Effects
 Gained independence from Europe.
 Didn’t address social class problems.
 200 years of continued problems.
People
 Simon Bolivar and Toussaint
L’Overture: Independence leaders of
Latin America.
Russian Revolution
Dates:
 1917
Causes:
 Czar was harsh and oppressive, not
willing to give liberal reforms.
 Rigid social class system.
 WWI left the people angry as the
soldiers didn’t have enough weapons
or fod.
Effects
 Russia became the 1st government to
base its government on Karl Marx and
Communism.
People
 Czar Nicholas: leader of the Russians
when the Revolution started.
 Vladimir Lenin: leader of the
Bolsheviks who led the revolution
with a slogan of Peace, Land and
Bread.
 Karl Marx: Idea of Communism with
the workers overthrowing the
capitalists and creating a classless
society.
Terms:
 Czar: Leader of the Russians.
 Bolsheviks: Workers party working for
rights from the czar.
 Provisional Government: Temporary
government after the czar gave up
power.
 Soviet Union: Country created after
the Soviets took power and took over
lands in the former Russian empire.
 Peace, land, bread: Lenin’s slogan.
Chinese Communist Revolution
Dates:
 1934-1949.
Causes:
 It was a Civil War between the
Guomindang (Nationalist Party) and
the Communists after China freed
itself from foreign control.
 Communists helped the poor leading
them to victory.
Effects
 China went from an agricultural
society into an industrial society.
 China was transformed into a oneparty dictatorship with Mao in total
control.
People
 Jiang Jieshi: Leader of the Nationalist
party.
 Mao Zedong: Leader of the
Communist party and the Chinese.
Terms
 Nationalist Party: Chinese party after
WWII.
 Long March: Mao and 100000
supporters had to walk across China
forced by the Nationalists.
Iranian Revoution
Date:
 1979
Causes:
 In the 1950s, the US and Great Britain
helped Reza Pahlavi (the Shah) take over
as leader of Iran and he ruled with a policy
of westernization and modernization that
made life difficult for Islamic
fundamentalists.
 In 1979, Islamic Fundamentalists, led by
the Ayatollah Khomeini took control and
forced the Shah into exile as they became
angry at the Shah and his “western
policies.”
Effects
 Iran became an Islamic Republic,
rejecting western culture and ideas
and a return to traditional Islamic
beliefs.
 Iran became and remains extremely
hostile to the west and often supports
terrorist ideas.
People
 The Shah (Muhammad Reza Pahlavi)
leader of Iran from 1953 until 1979.
 Ayatollah Khomeini- leader of Iran
during and after the Iranian
Revolution.
Ideas, Developments:
 Islamic Republic: Government which
rejects western ideas and follows the
Koran closely.
 Islamic Fundamentalists: People who
believe that the Koran should be
followed and are extremely radical in
their ideas.
Nationalism
Causes:
 Pride in your country.
 Wanting to be the best.
 Italy: Trying to unite them after being
divided into many city-states.
 Germany: Movement for unification
after the invasion by Napoleon.
 Japan: Wanted to become as strong
as the West during the Meiji
Restoration.
Nationalist Movements Cont.
 Zionism: Uniting of the Jews into their own
homeland because of anti-Semitic feeling.
 India: Wanted to gain independence from
the British for self-rule.
 Africa: Pan Africanism (uniting all Africans)
to try to end foreign control.
 Balkans: Attempt to unify the people after
being under the control of the Ottoman
Empire for a long period of time.
Effects:
 Many wars.
 Independence movements.
 Uniting of areas.
People:
 Italy: Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo
Cavour and Guisepe Garibbaldi: Italian
Nationalists.
 Germany: Otto von Bismarck: German
Nationalist. Blood and Iron.
 Japan: Emperor Meiji: Leader of the Meiji
Restoration.
 Zionism: Theodor Herzl: Leader of the
Zionist movement.
 India: Mohandas Gandhi
Ideas, Developments:
 Germany: Blood and Iron: Policy of war
designed to give Prussia control of all of
Germany by Bismarck.
 Indian National Congress: Formed by
Indians to gain independence from Britain.
 Pakistan: Piece of India broken apart for
Muslims.
 Africa: Tribalism: Feeling of loyalty to your
individual tribe.
 Balkans: Ethnic Cleansing: The deliberate
murder of people based on their ethnic
background.
Industrial Revolution
Dates:
 1750-1850
Causes:
 Agrarian Revolution: Change in farming
methods that allowed for a greater
production of food.
 Geography: Great Britain had a great deal
of natural resources needed for the
revolution.
 Capital: Great Britain had money needed
for things to be built and invested.
 Technology and Energy: New energy was
developed as they moved from animal to
water to steam power.
Effects:
 Mass Production: Many of the same products
produced at a rapid rate.
 Big Business: with all of the capital you had
corporations dealing with many different areas.
 Laissez-Fair Economics: Government out of business.
 New Social Class Structure.
 Urbanization as people moved into cities.
 Poor working conditions for people.
 Idea of Communism starts to develop.
 Imperialism as industrialized countries start looking
for resources.
Why a turning point:
 Change in how things are made from
man made to machine made goods.
People
 Adam Smith: Laissez faire economics.
Book is the Wealth of Nations.
 Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto.
Ideas, Developments:
 Agrarian Revolution: Better farming, less
farmers needed.
 Mass Production: Producing the same thing
quickly in large quantities.
 Laissez-Faire Economics: Government
hands off.
 Urbanization: Growth of Cities.
 Imperialism: A large country taking over a
weaker country socially, economically and
politically.
World War II
Dates:
 1939-1945
Causes:
 Treaty of Versailles which blamed
Germany for WWI.
 Rise of Fascism in which Adolf Hitler
and Benito Mussolini both took charge
of their government.
 Appeasement in which European
governments gave in to dictators.
Effects:
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Massive death toll.
Total destruction.
Beginning of the nuclear age.
End of Colonialism.
Cold War: Democracy vs.
Communism.
Why a turning point?
 End of the European control of the
world and the beginning of the Cold
War between the US and the Soviet
Union.
 Beginning of the Nuclear Age.
People:
 Adolf Hitler: leader of Germany.
 Benito Mussolini: leader of Italy.
 Winston Churchill and Neville
Chamberlain: Leaders of Great
Britain.
 Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman:
Leaders of the US.
Ideas, developments:
 Fascism: Dictatorial government that is
nationalistic and imperialistic.
 Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan.
 Allies: US, Great Britain, France, Soviet
Union.
 Cold War: Fight between the US and the
Soviet Union for control of the world.
 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
 Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union’s answer to
NATO.
Cold War
Dates:
 1945-1990
Causes:
 Fight for control of the world between
a Democracy (the US) and
Communism (Soviet Union).
Effects:
 Both the US and the Soviet Union
looking to control different aspects of
the world and taking over (becoming
involved in) many different areas.
 The world broken into sides.
Ideas, Development:
 Containment: US idea to try to stop
the spread of communism.
 NAFTA, EU and OPEC: Organizations
looking for economic power.
 Development of the Pacific Rim.
Post Cold War
Dates:
 1991-Present
Causes:
 Only 1 superpower left in the worldThe US.
Effects:
 A great deal of tension in places throughout
the world as people try to figure out how to
govern.
 Examples:
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Middle East: Israeli-Palestinian issues.
North Korea: Crazy leader.
India and Pakistan: Fighting over Kashmir.
China: No human rights for people.
Terrorism throughout the world.