Transcript Post WW I Nationalism

Post World War I
Nationalism
AP World History
Who was the best leader for
their country?
Benito Mussolini
 Adolf Hitler
 Chiang Kai-shek
 Josef Stalin
 Hirohito
 Gandhi
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Where would you have
preferred to live between World
War I and II?
Italy
 China
 Japan
 Germany
 Soviet Union
 India
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Italy
Leader(s) – Benito Mussolini
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Working class family
background
Early socialist, but switched
Formed Fasci di
Combattimento party
(Fascists)
Defended private property and
class structure & prevented a
communist revolution
Promised work & benefits
Blackshirts – Mussolini’s
followers
Appointed prime minister &
Ended democratic rule & bans
non-Fascist parties establishes
a corporate state
Wanted to recapture the
greatness & glory of the
Roman Empire
Called himself El Duce
Important Events
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1920 – strikes in
Lombardy and Piedmont
(Mussolini supported)
1922 – Fascists march on
Rome & Mussolini
appointed Prime Minister
1924 – Fascists win a
majority of seats in
parliament
1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis
is signed
People
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Post WW I – dissatisfied
with Treaty of Versailles
Veterans, workers, and
peasants unhappy
1920 - Peasants seize
land
Middle and upper classes
feared a communist
revolution
Many Italians opposed
fascism, but most
supported Mussolini
Diplomacy
Italy invades Ethiopia
in 1935
 Mussolini wants to
enhance Italy’s image
as a world power
 League of Nations
imposes sanctions,
but they do not work
 1936 – Rome-Berlin
Axis
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Economy
Economic downturn
after WW I
 Strikes, inflation,
shortages of coal
 Mussolini solved
unemployment
problem
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Military
WW I veterans could
not find work
 Built up Italy’s armed
forces
 Army invaded
Ethiopia in 1935
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Germany
Leader(s) – Adolf Hitler
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Austrian born
World War I veteran
Member of the National Socialist
Workers’ Party
Led the Brownshirts
1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall
Putsch” – failed
Wrote Mein Kampf
Blamed Jews & Communists for
losing war
Appealed to German’s sense of
history
Becomes Chancellor in 1933
Attacks Jews
Takes title of der Führer
Restores Germany’s military might
Ignored Versailles Treaty
Organizes Nazi youth movement
Important Events
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1919 – Germans elect an
assembly which establishes a
democratic republic called the
Weimar Republic
1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by
French troops & Beer Hall Putsch
1929 – Great Depression in
Germany
1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor
& Reichstag fire
1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts
1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted
1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign
the Berlin-Rome Axis
1938 – Kristallnacht
1938 - Austria is annexed – “One
blood demands one Reich”
1938 – Hitler demands and
receives the Sudetenland of
Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at
the Munich Conference
People
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Blamed Weimar leaders for
signing the Versailles Treaty
Widespread opposition to Weimar
Leaders
Brownshirts – private army of
veterans and street thugs
Hitler appealed to workers and
industrialists
Political parties banned by Nazis
Labor unions taken over by Nazis
Churches controlled and clergy
silenced
Jews – stripped of citizenship and
right to hold office; barred from
schools and destroyed business
Diplomacy
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France - occupies the
industrial Ruhr Valley
U.S. – provides loans to
Germany – helps free
Germany of debt
Adolf Hitler supports
General Francisco Franco
of the Spanish
Nationalists in the
Spanish Civil War (193639) he wanted Spanish
iron ore and magnesium;
prevent spread of
communism; test new
weapons and military
tactics (blitzkrieg)
Economy
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Allies set reparations at $35
billion
1922 – Germany says it can
not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley
is occupied)
Inflation soared
Savings of Germans wiped out
Mid-1920s – France reaches
compromise with Germany
U.S provides loans – Germany
has 5-year period of prosperity
Great Depression (begins in
1929) – unemployment, etc.
Military
Treaty of Versailles
limited the size of the
Germany army
 Hitler sought to restore
Germany’s military might
 German factories begin
turning out guns,
ammunition, airplanes,
tanks, etc.
 Government stresses
importance of a strong
military
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Japan
Leader(s)
Emperor Hirohito –
constitutional
monarch
 Influential military
leaders – opposed to
democratic reforms
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Important Events
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1915 – Japan forces China to
sign the Twenty-One Demands
(eventually abandoned)
1922- disarmament
conference/ Japan becomes 3rd
most powerful navy
1923 – earthquake in TokyoYokohama area
1924 – U.S. bans Japanese
immigration
1925 – universal male suffrage
1931 – invades Manchuria
1937 – war with China begins
1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor
Diplomacy
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Twenty-One Demands
makes China Japanese
protectorate
Disarmament conference
in Washington benefits
Japan
Japanese army invades
Manchuria
War with China (after
Marco Polo Bridge clash)
Attack on Pearl Harbor,
Singapore, and Dutch
East Indies in 1941
People
1872-1925 - population
explosion from 35 million
to 60 million
 1930s – militarism
influences all aspects of
Japanese life
 Many democratically
minded Japanese hoped
Emperor would stop
militarism
 Working and middle class
grows
 Military dress was
appealing
 Universal male suffrage
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Economy
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Most of the Japanese
economy was in hands of
ziabatsu
Challenges of population
density
 World wide depression
devastated silk factories
and other industries
 Tokyo-Yokohama
earthquake affects
economy
 Land was scarce
 Very few resources
(especially iron ore, coal,
and oil)
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Military
Army leaders decide
to invade NE China
(after Mukden
Incident)
 Government could not
control army
 1932 – assassinates a
prime minister of
Japan
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India
Leader(s)
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Jawaharlal Nehru - led
the Hindus
Mohammed Ali Jinnah led the Muslims
Mohandas (Mahatma)
Gandhi - middle class
background; pacifist who
believed in civil
disobedience
Indian National Congress
& Muslim League –
nationalist organizations
that lead India to
independence
Important Events
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1914 – Gandhi leaves
South Africa for India
1919 – Britain imposes
harsh laws on India to
stifle opposition
1919 - Amritsar massacre
1922 - British arrest
Gandhi
1930 - 200 mile march to
the sea by Gandhi to
protest the salt tax
1935 - British parliament
passes the Government
of India Act – limited self
rule for India
Diplomacy
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India had no control
over diplomacy until
they achieved
independence in 1948
People
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Were urged to reject Western
civilization (used brute force,
worship of money, &
prejudice) by Gandhi
Called Gandhi Mahatma or
“great soul”
Boycotted British goods
Shocked by brutal massacre at
Amritsar
Hindu-Muslim tension and
conflict intensifies as India
moves toward independence
Nationalists supported Britain
in WW I, but eventually want
complete independence for
India
Some Indian’s want to remain
in the British empire, but
desire home-rule
Economy
Wheat from India fed
Allied soldiers in
WW I
 Indian cotton clothed
Allied troops
 1935 – agricultural
put under provincial
government’s control
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Military
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Indian soldiers fought
for the British in
World War I (Middle
East & Africa)
China
Leader(s)
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Sun Yat-sen – leader of the
Revolutionary Alliance who
declares China a republic in
1912
Yuan Shigai – ousts Sun Yatsen in 1914 and establishes a
dictatorship
Chiag Kai-shek – officer in the
Kuomintang Army that defeats
the warlords in 1928 and
establishes a government in
Nanjing
Mao Zedong – leader who
leads the 100,000 communist
troops on the Long March
Important Events
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1912 – Chinese republic
declared
1914 – Sun Yat-sen
ousted
1923 – Chiang kai-shek
grows in power
1925 – Sun Yat-sen dies
1927 – communists fail to
take over Kuomintang;
Chiang purges them
1931 – Japan invades
Manchuria
1934-35 – Long March
(100,000 communists
troops to 8,000)
Diplomacy
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Versailles Treaty granted
Shandong Peninsula to Japan
– was humiliating and
surprising to China
May Fourth Movement - was
an anti-imperialist, cultural,
and political movement
growing out of student
demonstrations in Beijing on
May 4, 1919 protesting the
Chinese government's weak
response to the Treaty of
Versailles, especially the
Shandong Problem.
Japan invades in 1931 and
controls most of eastern
China by 1939
People
Shocked by Versailles
Treaty
 Peasants supported
communists because
they overthrew local
landlords and
redistributed their
land to peasants
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Economy
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Agriculturally based
economy with millions
of peasants
Military
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Warlords (military
leaders) divided China
amongst themselves in
1916 – civil war followed
Kuomintang Army battled
Red Army in 1930s for
control of China
Long March – retreat of
communists
Chiang Kai-shek’s
Nationalist’s forces and
the Communist forces
suspended their conflict
with each other in order
to concentrate on fighting
the Japanese
Soviet Union
Leader(s)
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Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) –
Bolshevik leader; suffered a
stroke in 1922
Leon Trotsky – most important
person in the communist party
after Lenin; built the Red Army
into an effective fighting force;
believed in a world wide
revolution; exiled to Siberia
(and then expelled) by Stalin;
assassinated in Mexico City
Joseph Stalin – skilled
administrator; rose to general
secretary of the Communist
party; outmaneuvered Trotsky
after Lenin’s death; believed in
Soviet Union first in terms of
revolution; had Trotsky
murdered
Important Events
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1919 – Comintern established
1921 – Lenin announces New
Economic Policy (NEP)
1922 – Official name changes
to Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR), new
constitution written, and Lenin
suffers two strokes
1924 – Lenin dies
1928 – Stalin declares end to
NEP, announces Five Year
Plans and collectivization
1930s – series of purges by
Stalin
Stalin seizes Ukraine’s grain
results in death of millions
1934 – Socialist realism art
instituted
1943 – Comintern dissolved
Diplomacy
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Comintern established
to encourage
Communist parties in
other countries to
overthrow their
governments by legal
or illegal means
People
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27 million died in WW I,
revolution, and civil war
Leadership of the communist
party controlled the workers (was
supposed to be the other way
around)
Private businesses, small
manufacturers and farmers
allowed to operate under NEP
Peasant majority (farmers) were
fiercely anticommunist – had
prospered under NEP
Kulaks (prosperous peasants) –
opposed collectivization
Millions of communist party
members were expelled and sent
to labor camps (purges)
Non-Russian nationalities suffered;
Russians dominated Soviet Union
Thousands of peasants were killed
when opposing collectivization;
millions in the Ukraine starved
Economy
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NEP – major industries
under government
control; small businesses
allowed to operate
Five Year Plans – success
in spurring industrial
growth
Collectivization produced
terrible results –
opposition and starvation;
Soviet union unable to
feed its population
Military
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Military leadership
suffered as a result of
purges – would take
them years to recover