Transcript Ch. 22 Powerpoint notes - Copley

1941-1945
Define 10 terms
List 4 new responsibilities of women
during WWII
Pg. 419 (1-2) – complete sentences
Bonus (2 pts.) – Who is Rosie the Riveter?
 Axis Powers: the countries that fought the Allies
in World War II
 Mobilize: to get ready for war
 Siege: a military blocking of a city to force its
surrender
 Pearl Harbor was attacked

December 7, 1941
 War was declared

December 8, 1941
 War had spread throughout the world…
again.
 US was shocked by the Pearl Harbor attacks

Declared war on Japan immediately
 Japan
allies = Germany and Italy
 US allies = Great Britain and the Soviet Union
• Fought the AXIS powers

December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared
war on the US
 December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy
declared war on the US

US began to mobilize forces
 10,000,000
men were drafted
 6,000,000 men and women volunteered
 After Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked other US
bases
Japan’s leader = Hideki Tojo
 Goal = Japan most powerful empire in the world


1942 – goal seemed attainable
 Japan took control of:
Hong Kong
 Singapore

 US
held islands
 Philippines

US had been stationed on the Philippines since
the Spanish American War
 Troops
fought back against Japan
 Commander: General Douglas MacArthur
 Japan pushed troops further and further into the
Philippines (Bataan)

Put troops under siege = forced surrender
 Roosevelt ordered General MacArthur to to go
Australia


Take command of Allied forces there
MacArthur = “I shall return”
 Death March:
 Americans and Filipinos forced to march 65 miles to prison
camps
 No food or water
 The “Big Three”
 Roosevelt = US
 Churchill = Britain
 Stalin = Soviet Union
 Agreed that they
would have to defeat
the Axis powers in
Europe – all planned
 Stalin: US / Britain –
attack the west coast
 Roosevelt: US and
Britain should start in
France
 Churchill: US and
Britain should attack
Italy through North
Africa (German troops
were weakest there)
 Everyone agreed:

German defeat was #1 goal

Agreed on a plan:
 Attack German forces in
N. Africa first
 Troops were weakest there
 Move
to the west coast
 Then move to attack the Pacific area
 Pg. 408 (1-3) – Complete sentences
 Exercise 92 – not necessarily complete
sentences
 Partisan: a person who strongly believes in a
curse
 Amphibious landing: a planned movement
of troops from the sea
 Germany = controlled most of Europe
 Japan = taken large parts of Asia
 Quickly – US and British soldiers won major
victories
 Allies prepared
First – control North Africa
 Second – attack Italy
 Germany and Italy also wanted N. Africa

 3 years of fighting over N. Africa

Fighting in a desert was difficult / new warfare
 Allies vs. German general Erwin Rommel

October 1942

British troops hit Rommel’s forces from the east

2 weeks later: US troops landed in Africa
 Dwight
D. Eisenhower
 Headed for Rommel’s forces

May 1943 – Rommel was defeated
 From N. Africa:
Allies moved across the Mediterranean Sea
 Attacked Italy


Italians had turned against Mussolini and the
Fascists
 Also
did not like the Nazis
 Joined groups who were fighting the Germans

Hitler’s troops went to Italy to fight the Allies
 June 1944
– Allied forces had defeated Italy
 Spring 1942:
Allies began moving across the Pacific Ocean
 American bombers took off and headed for Tokyo


Bombed
 Factories
 Railroad
yards
 Navy base

Japan was shocked: they had never been attacked
 Japan pushed closer to US territory
 US v. Japan = forces met at Midway Island

Code experts figured out Japanese messages

US always knew where enemy ships were going to be
 June 4, 1942: US attacked Japanese planes
 Caught off guard / huge losses
 Battle of Midway – 1st big Japanese defeat
 Japanese held many islands in the Pacific

US decided to capture islands
 Could use
islands to
• Attack other islands
• Cut off Japan from supplies

US plan = island hopping
 Use
Marines made “amphibious landings”
• All troops worked together for an invasion
 US plan = island hopping

Use Marines made “amphibious landings”
 All
troops worked together for an invasion

Taken islands became supply bases for attacks on
other islands

1943-1944: US pushed Japan’s forces were pushed
back to Japan
 Pg. 410 – complete sentences
 Pg. 411 (1-2): #2 – name 3 battles for full
credit
 Pg. 412 (1-3) – complete sentences
 Exercise 93
 Rationing: limiting the amount of something
that each person can buy
 Internment camp: a prisonlike place in which
people are held during a war
 The US needed huge supplies of weapons
This need helped the economy
 Pulled the US out of the Great Depression


Lots of changes took place between 1941-1945
 The work force was mobilized to produce war
supplies
Factories stayed open around the clock
 3 eight hour shifts


1944: US was making 90,000 planes a year

End of the war:
 Over
70,000 ships
 44 billion bullets
 2.5 million army trucks
 US made more materials than all of the Axis
powers put together
 Too old for factory work?
 Knitted sweaters and socks
 Worked for the Red Cross
 Planted victory gardens
 Too young?
 Saved $.10 a week to buy a war bond (in bond
books)
 Government set up many agencies to direct the
war effort

Fuel agency – had to get fuel to armed forces
 Encouraged civilians

Wage-and-price agency – controlled food prices and
workers’ pay
 No

to reduce their fuel consumption
prices or wages were raised during the war
Rationing began to be used
 Rationing began to be used

Coupons were used to buy “hard to get” products
 Meat
 Sugar
 Butter
 Coffee

Clothing was scarce – cloth was needed to make
uniforms
 Women = 1/3 of the work force
Before: workers were young and unmarried
 Now: workers were more married than unmarried

 Many
over the age of 35
 Women had a new sense of freedom

“Rosie the Riveter” – stood for all women workers
 Took on new responsibilities
 Took on new responsibilities
 Served in the armed forces in great numbers… all
branches had separate women’s units
 Worked in military offices so that more men could
serve in battle
 Flew supply planes so men could fly fighters and
bombers
 Served as nurses… often lived under same dangerous
conditions as soldiers
 Women were important…
 But paid 40% less than men
 27 million Americans moved during the war
 African Americans moved to cities in the
Northeast, Midwest, West coast
 Many changes for African Americans
Left low paying jobs for better paying jobs
 Roosevelt signed an order for fair treatment in
defense plants

 Service:
Almost a millions African Americans served
 Still faced discrimination

 Given
jobs as cooks, waiters, workers in supply units
 Still wanted to be a part of the fighting

Tuskegee Airmen: African American fighter pilots
 Carried
out missions
 Protected bombers flying over Europe
 Shot down 103 planes, destroyed 298 enemy planes
 More Latinos
volunteered for service
than any other group

 Worked on the home
front, also

Still faced discrimination


300,000 Latinos served


Most were Mexican
Americans and Puerto Ricans
1 in 4 Bataan Death march
men were Mexican
Americans
Worked as farm /
railroad workers
Shipyard worked in
factories
 Fought two battles:
prejudice & the Axis
powers
 Americans feared Japanese might help Japan

1942: Army ordered to take Japanese Americans to
internment camps
 Also

known as relocation camps
> 100,000 Japanese Americans had to give up their
 Homes
 Farms
 businesses
 Japanese Americans still volunteered for service

Served in segregated units

No reason to believe Japanese Americans were
disloyal

Years and years later – government paid Japanese for
the loss of their property
 10%
of their losses
 Apology given
 Pg. 418 (1-3) – complete sentences
 Exercise 95 – complete sentences
 Holocaust: the mass murder of millions of
Jews by the Nazis
 Genocide: the planned murder of an entire
people
 Atomic bomb: a nuclear bomb with
enormous power to harm
 German and Japanese forces were pushed
back to their homelands

Holocaust was still happening
 More

deaths
Atomic bomb ends the war
 More
deaths
 Needed: an Allied invasion of Europe
6 month preparation
 Eisenhower planned the invasion

 Later

led troops to victory in Europe
Germans expected an invasion
 Planted
land mines
 Put up barbed wire to stand in the way of troops

D-day: June 6, 1944
 D-day: June 6, 1944

170,000 Allied troops crossed the English Channel

Landed at Normandy (France)
 Tons

of supplies and new soldiers arrived to fight
Allies had tricked Hitler:
 Sent
his best soldiers to a
different location
 Allies began bombing German cities all of the
time

December 1944: Nazis made one final attack
 Allies
forced troops to retreat to Berlin

Millions of Allied soldiers closed in on Germany

May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered
 Side-note:
rather than be captured…Hitler
committed suicide
 As Allied troops moved
through Germany…

Found evidence of the Holocaust

Jewish people were blamed for Germany’s
problems
 “Final Solution”
= genocide
 Death camps were built w/gas chambers
• Thousands were killed daily
• Bodies burned in ovens
• Buried in mass graves

Jewish people were also murdered
 Troops had heard reports / few believed them

“seeing is believing” – people were horrified
 Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes

Nuremburg Trials
 12
Nazi leaders were sentenced to death
 After Europe was save, everyone turned to
Japan

Allied forces had retaken the Philippines
 General

MacArthur had returned / kept his promise
Allies did not want to attack Japan directly
 Millions
of lives could be lost
 Instead,
bombed Japan’s cities
• Caused lots of destruction
 FDR began his 4th term as president

Met with Churchill and Stalin to end the war
forever
FDR died April 1945 (was in poor health)
 Harry S. Truman became President

 Truman’s big decision:

Atomic bomb had been developed
 Successfully tested July
1945

Should the new weapon be used????

Scientists did not want it used

Others said “YES!”
 It
would save the lives of Allied troops
 Pg. 423 (1-3) – complete sentences
 Exercise 96 – not necessarily complete
sentences
 The Verdict:
 Truman decided to use the bomb

August 6, 1945: bomb
dropped on Hiroshima

3 days later: bomb dropped on Nagasaki

Japan surrendered August 14, 1945

WWII was over at last