Transcript Chapter 33

Chapter 34 – Franklin D. Roosevelt
and the Shadow of War
1933-1941
“Epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an
epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community
approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to
protect the health of the community against the spread of the
disease….There must be positive endeavors to pressure
peace.”
-Franklin D. Roosevelt, Chicago, “Quarantine Speech”, 1937
What Question might summarize
Chapter 34?
How did FDR’s foreign policy
lead America into WWII?
Answer:
Inaction v Action
• Backed out of London
Conference
• Left Philippines
• Good Neighbor Policy
• Not in L of N
• Allowing Reparations
• No aid to Spain +
China
• Neutrality Acts
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St. Louis
Embargo of Japan
Recognizes USSR
Neutrality Acts 1939
Lend-Lease
Atlantic Charter
The London Conference
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66 nations attended the London
Economic Conference in the
summer of 1933. Helped organize
a coordinated international attack
on the global depression. Wanted
to stabilize the value of currencies
and their exchange rates.
FDR was going to send Secretary
of State Cordell Hull. Eventually
sent radio message asking the
U.S. to pull out (angry with other
nations for trying to stabilize
currencies).
The London Conference
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The conference was adjourned and
accomplished nothing except
creating an increase in extreme
nationalism which made discussion
harder (and helped dictators)
FDR’s every-man-for-himself
attitude only created more
problems and a greater depression.
U.S. would pay the price for their
isolationistic attitudes.
International cooperation became
even more difficult
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and
Recognition for the Russians
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Roosevelt withdrew from Asia. Americans were eager to do
away with their liabilities in the Philippines
American sugar producers wanted to get rid of the competition
with Filipino sugar markets
Passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934 which provided for the
independence of the Philippines after a 12-year period of
economic and political tutelage by 1946.
U.S. was freeing themselves from the Filipinos (Japan saw they
could take over the Pacific easily without U.S. interference)
FDR extended hand to Soviet Union by formally recognizing
them so they could trade and stop German/Japanese
aggression
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Becoming a Good Neighbor
FDR started the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin
America  Wanted Latin America to help the US
against foreign powers (U.S. wanted to be a
regional power, not a world one)
7th Pan-American Congress (1933, Montevideo,
Uruguay)  delegation endorsed
nonintervention.
Last marines departed from Haiti in 1934. U.S.
also pulled out of Panama in 1936.
Non-intervention was to be tested in Mexico.
Mexico took some US oil properties, but FDR
would not intervene (acid test)
FDR went to the Inter-American Conference in
Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1936
Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade
Agreements
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Chief architect of the Good Neighbor Policy was Secretary of
State Hull.
Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in
1934 to lift the American export trade from depression doldrums
for relief and recovery with low-tariff policies.
Reduced the Hawley-Smoot by up to 50%
Avoided wholesale tariff revision
It amended the objectionable schedules of the Hawley-Smoot tarif
by negotiating pacts with 21 countries by 1939 – US foreign trade
had increased
RT Agreement Act paved a way for American-led free-trade
international economic system implemented after WWII
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
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Post 1918 chaos, with great depression, led to totalitarianism.
– Joseph Stalin in USSR, Benito Mussolini (fascist) in Italy,
and Hitler (Nazi) in Germany
Hitler most dangerous (great orator and leader) German
people had fallen into a place with no escape from economic
chaos and national disgrace.
Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in 1935 (border conflict). League
of Nations didn’t get involved.
1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis (Hitler and Mussolini’s alliance)
Japan (Hirohito) gained strength slowly, refused to cooperate
with the world, quickly armed itself by ending the Washington
Naval Treaty and walked out of the London Conference b/c
they didn’t get what they wanted
Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934 – forbade countries that
owed $ to borrow cash (U.S. isolationists)
Congress Legislates Neutrality
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Nye Committee was appointed in 1934 to investigate
whether or not munitions manufacturers were pro-war for
the sole purpose of making money. Blame shifted from
German subs to American bankers and arms
manufacturers.
Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937 and 1939 passed by
Congress so U.S. wasn’t dragged into the war (president
proclaimed the existence of a foreign war)
Some restrictions included no American could legally sail
on a belligerent ship or sell/transport munitions or make
loans to a belligerent nation
The Acts were designed to prevent America from being
pulled in WWI, but WWII was different
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
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Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) –
Spanish rebels (fascists, led by
Gen. Franco) rose up against the
leftist-leaning republican
government
U.S. put an embargo on loyalist
government (supported by USSR)
and rebels (supported by Hitler and
Mussolini) to stay out of the war
U.S. stood by as Franco killed
Spain’s democracy (to stay isolated)
American didn’t build up its armed
forces until 1938 (billion dollar Naval
Construction Act) which was too
late
Appeasing Japan and Germany
• Japanese militarists set off an
explosion in a bridge near Beijing.
Led to an all-out invasion of China in
1937 (FDR didn’t call it a war so he
could still give arms to Chinese).
• Chicago = unofficial isolationist capital
of the U.S. – FDR’s Quarantine
Speech called for “a quarantine” of
Japan
• Dec. 1937 – Japanese sank the
American Ship, the Panay, which
killed 2 and wounded 30 (made
necessary apologies so U.S. didn’t
have to go to war)
Appeasing Japan and Germany
• Hitler was growing bolder and
stronger - started the Holocaust
(“exterminated” 6 million innocent
Jews)
• March 1938 – Hitler occupied
Austria and wanted to occupy more
and more countries.
• Munich Conference was held in
Sept. 1938 (Allies let Hitler have
Sudetenland but he took over all of
Czechoslovakia 6 months later)
• “Appeasement”—of the dictators
was symbolized by the ugly world
“Munich”
Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
• The USSR astounded the world
by signing a non-aggression treaty
with Germany (Aug. 23, 1939)
• The pact meant that Hitler could
start a war on Poland and western
democracies (and not fight on two
fronts)
• 1939 – Hitler invaded Poland –
France and GB declared war
against Germany (U.S. refused to
enter – wanted France and GB to
win, but didn’t want to get
involved)
Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
• European powers needed
American supplies, but previous
Neutrality Acts forbade sale of
arms to nations in war
• Neutrality Act of 1939 European
democracies could buy war
materials under a “cash and carry”
basis. This means they would
need to transport the monitors in
their own ships after paying for
them in cash.
• Germans couldn’t buy arms b/c
France and GB controlled the seas
The Fall Of France
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USSR took over Finland (U.S. had given them $30 million)
“Phony war” ended in April 1940 – when Hitler took over
Denmark and Norway, then the Netherlands, then Belgium, then
France.
France’s collapse shocked Americans
FDR called to make a huge air fleet($37 million to build up the
army)
Congress passed a conscription law (Sept. 16, 1940) – First
peacetime draft in U.S. history (1.2 million troops- 800,000
reserves)
Havana Congress of 1940 – U.S. warned Germany that it could
not take over orphan colonies in the Americas (U.S. agreed to
share and uphold the Monroe Doctrine)
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
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Hitler launched air attacks against GB in August 1940 and
prepared an invasion scheduled to start a month later, but
British Royal Air Force stopped it
U.S. had sympathy for GB, but not enough to enter war
FDR had to decide what to do
– Supporters of aid to GB made propaganda (Committee to
Defend America by Aiding the Allies)
– Isolationists more numbers and sincere (America First
Committee – Charles Lindbergh was a member)
GB needed destroyers - FDR sent some in return for 8
defensive base sites from Newfoundland to South America
(America owned for 99 years). People who supported aid were
happy, but isolationists were not.
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FDR Shatters The Two-Term Tradition
(1940)
Two leading Rep. candidates were
Robert Taft of OH and Thomas Dewey.
Swept off by Wendell Wilkie of IN w/
the slogan “We want Wilkie” (came out
of nowhere)
FDR felt he needed a third term
Candidates were alike. Both promised
to stay out of war, strengthen defense.
FDR triumphed with 449 electoral to
82.
FDR’s true opponent was Hitler, not
Wilkie
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
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GB was running out of $ and FDR didn’t want to
call back debts so he hit on the scheme of
lending or leasing American arms, which would
later be returned. Sen. Taft said U.S. wouldn’t
want it back
“Send guns not sons” - thought it would help.
Finally was developed in March 1941 (Bill # is
1776) - abandonment of the neutrality policy
Hitler recognized the Lend-Lease Act as an
unofficial declaration of war. Ships attack
(May 21, 1941 – Germans attacked the Robin
Moor)
ABC-1 Agreement led to the Lend-Lease Law
Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union
Spawns the Atlantic Charter
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Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941) –
neither trusted each other.
FDR made military supplies available to Russia.
Atlantic Conference was held in Aug. 1941 between FDR
and Churchill.
Atlantic Charter new democracy for the end of WWII
(similar to Wilson’s 14 Points)
– No territorial changes contrary to wishes of natives
– Right for people to choose their rulers
– Declared disarmament and a peace of security as well
as a new League of Nations (UN)
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats Clash
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FDR sent supplies to Iceland to ensure they would get to
GB
U.S. ships (the Greer, the Kearny, and the Reuben
James) were continually hit by German u-boats
This ended the Neutrality Act of 1939
Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor
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Japan still at war with China but when
America put embargoes on them in 1940
they had to back off China or attack the U.S.
Tense negotiations in Washington took place
in November and December
Most Americans thought the Japanese would
attack British Malaya or the Philippines
Pearl Harbor (“Black Sunday”) - Dec. 7,
1941 “A day that will live in infamy” 3,000
casualties (2400 dead, 1100 wounded);
Congress was angered.
War declaration Dec. 11, 1941- unanimous
vote by Senate and house (Germany and
Italy declared war on the U.S.)
America’s Transformation from Bystander
to Belligerent
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Pearl Harbor was the last straw (France, Russia, GB,
Hitler…) – most Americans were anti-war until this point,
but Pearl Harbor inflamed them
World could not remain ½ enchained and ½ free.
America was forced into the war – people decided
appeasement didn’t work
Key Terms From the Word Document
•Cordell Hull
•Joseph Stalin
•Benito Mussolini
•Francisco Franco
•Winston Churchill
•Charles Lindbergh
•Wendell Wilkie
•Reciprocity
•Totalitarianism
•Isolationism
•Good Neighbor Policy
•Atlantic Charter
•Reciprocal Trade
Agreement Act
•Nazi Party
•Rome-Berlin Axis
•Nye Committee
•Neutrality Acts
•Non-aggression Pact (Hitler
and Stalin
•“Cash and Carry"
•"Phony war"
•America First Committee
•Lend-Lease
Political
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Hitler
Nuremberg Trials
Stalin
Mussolini
Franco
Churchill
Totalitarianism
Isolationism
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Neutrality Acts
Cash and Carry
Lend Lease Act
Atlantic Charter
Good Neighbor Policy
Nazi Party
Nye Committee
Social
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Lindbergh
Isolationism
Good Neighbor Policy
Nazi Party
Economic
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Reciprocity
Isolationism
Good Neighbor Policy
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
Lend Lease Act
Cash and Carry
•Adolf Hitler
•What: Nazi Leader during WWII
•When: April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945
•Where: Germany
Born: April 20, 1889 in Braunau Am Inn, Austria
Why:
Positive:
Cut Germany’s unemployment rate to nearly zero
Expanded the infrastructure by adding railroads and “Autobahns”
Anti-Semite
Belief that the Aryan race should be dominant
Holocaust
Started World War II
Negative:
Repression
Interesting Facts:
Hitler had spent years evading taxes on royalties from sales of Mein
Kampf. He owed the German government 405,000 Reichmarks
(equivalent to $8 million at 2004 exchange rates) by the time he
took power and the tax debt was cancelled.
Considered to be a vegetarian by biographers.
Avid anti-smoker, rewarding quitters gold watches if they
succeeded in quitting.
Winston Churchill
• What: English politician, soldier in the British
Army, orator, and strategist
• When: November 30, 1874 – January 24, 1965
• Where: England
• Born: Blenheim Palace in
Woodstock, Oxfordshire on
November 30, 1874
Why?
Positive
• Prime Minister during
WWII
• Led Great Britain to
victory in WWII
• Took office the week of
Hitler’s invasion of
Western Europe
Negative:
• Hated the Irish (very
oppressive toward them
in the police force)
• Responsible for the
Battle of Gallipoli
Interesting Facts
• Was a descendant of a famous aristocratic family in
England.
• Churchill had an independent and rebellious nature and
generally did poorly in school, for which he was
punished.
• Churchill described himself as having a "speech
impediment," which he consistently worked to
overcome; after many years, he finally stated, "My
impediment is no hindrance" (he had a lisp).