Transcript radare rumunia

World War 2: End of War &
Legacy
Tehran Conference, November
1943
By 1943, victory for
allies was predicted
Key framework of peace
established:
Unconditional
Surrender
International
Organization (UN)
Weak post-war
Germany
Tehran: Conflicting Aims
Stalin’s Demands
Western front
opened in France
USSR could keep
Polish territory seized
in 1939
Keep nations
captured in 1939-40:
Baltic, Finland,
Romania
Churchill/Roosevelt
Demands:
Soviets would enter
Asian Theatre
Formation of United
Nations: collective
Security
All these ideas were
agreed to in general
Yalta Conference
February 1945
Plan to end the war
Russia given control of East,
but democratic elections to
be held
Divide Germany into zones
of occupation; Berlin to be
divided amongst Allies.
Eastern Poland to be made
part of Soviet Union in
exchange for a new
Western border carved out
of Germany
Germany would pay
reparations to Soviets
Stalin agreed to declare war
on Japan
UN created; Stalin agreed to
join UN
Potsdam Conference—July 1945
Potsdam—Cold War Roots
Germany defeated
Deterioration of “Grand
Alliance”
U.S. ended lend-lease
and refused Soviet aid
request of $6 billion
Reparations issues—$20
b—taken from
occupation zones.
Soviets failed to uphold
democratic promises of
Yalta
• Romania-”Little Stalin”
• London Poles arrested;
Lublin Poles installed
Truman replaced
Roosevelt (April 12) as
U.S. President (Clement
Atlee replaced Churchill
mid-conference)
Atomic bomb successfully
tested
Truman toughened
stance against Sovietsdemanded free elections
“A freely elected
government in any of
these East European
countries would be antiSoviet, and that we
cannot allow.”--Stalin
Potsdam Conference
Polish borders
Redrawn:
Poland lost territory
to Soviet Union, but
gained German
territory.
Result: Poland
shifted 100 miles
West.
The End of the War
April 12, 1945—Roosevelt
dies, Truman takes office.
May 2, 1945—Soviets took
Berlin; Hitler committed
suicide
May 8, 1945—Germany
surrenders
Battles of Iwo Jima and
Okinawa cost thousands of
U.S. lives—Kamikaze
August 6, 1945—atomic
bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 9, 1945—atomic
bombed dropped on
Nagasaki
Aug. 14: Japan surrendered
World War 2 Peace Settlements
Sept. 8, 1943-Italy
surrendered
Mussolini arrested,
escapted, killed in April
1945
V-E Day (German
surrender): May 8, 1945
V-J Day (September 2,
1945)—formal surrender
Nuremburg Trials 1945-1946
Germany remained unsettled
until 1990
Paris Peace Conference:
1946
21 major allied nations
February 1947—treaties
signed with Italy,
Romania, Hungary,
Bulgaria, Finland
• Reparations and
territorial adjustment for
each
San Francisco Treaty1951
48 Allies and Japan (not USSR)
Reparations, emperor-removal,
and territorial adjustment
Legacy of World War 2
Total War: Civilian Casualties
Civ. Casualties >
Military: 50 mil total
Mass displacement
Mass Exploitation:
Holocaust, Internment,
Forced labor, Sexual
exploitation
Crimes Against
Humanity: Nuremburg
Trials/Tokyo Trials
Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946)
Message to
globe/Germans about
enormity/severity of
Nazi crimes:
Herman Goering on trial
Crimes against
peace
Plotting and
waging war
Crimes against
humanity
Tokyo Trials (1945-1946)
5000 tried/900
executed
(including Tojo)
for:
Crimes against
peace
War crimes
Crimes against
humanity
The United Nations
U.N. Purpose
“The purpose of the United Nations is to
bring all nations of the world together
to work for peace and development,
based on the principles of justice,
human dignity and the well-being of all
people. It affords the opportunity for
countries to balance global
interdependence and national interests
when addressing international
problems.”
http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/unintro/unintro.asp
UN Aims and Purposes
The Aims of the United
Nations:
To keep peace throughout
the world.
To develop friendly relations
between nations.
To work together to help
people live better lives, to
eliminate poverty, disease
and illiteracy in the world,
to stop environmental
destruction and to
encourage respect for each
other's rights and freedoms.
To be a centre for helping
nations achieve these aims.
The Principles of the
United Nations:
All Member States have
sovereign equality.
All Member States must
obey the Charter.
Countries must try to
settle their differences
by peaceful means.
Countries must avoid
using force or
threatening to use force.
The UN may not
interfere in the domestic
affairs of any country.
Countries should try to
assist the United Nations
US Economic Hegemony
US Economic boom
1950’s American
Dream
Marshall Plan: rebuilt
Europe/Japan rebuilt
Bretton-Woods to WTO
Goal: maintain
economic stabilization
around the globe:
Reduce trade barriers
Maintain stable currency
Created World Bank and
IMF (governed by U.N.)
GATT 1948-1997
WTO 1997-present
• Regional trade
agreements (NAFTA)
The world’s largest economies
today
http://money.cnn.com/news/economy/world_economies
_gdp/
European Union = $16.6 Trillion 2012 est.
The European Union
European Coal and
Steel Coalition
(1952)=France, W.
Germany, Italy,
Belgium,
Netherlands,
Luxembourg
Common Market
(1957)=same 6
EU today (see map)
http://www.nationso
nline.org/oneworld/e
urope_map.htm
Political Effects
Cold War
Interventionism:
USA & USSR
Permanent
Militarism
NATO/Warsaw
Pact
Nuclear Age
Independence Movements
End of European
Colonialism & Birth of
new nations
China: Communism
Independence
Movements
India-Gandhi
Middle East
Africa
Vietnam-France
Israel
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Holocaust led to formation of
Israel
1947: UN
approved the
creation of two
nations in
Palestine.
Arabs rejected:
continued ArabIsraeli conflict
Social Effects: Women &
Minorities
Civil Rights
Movement roots
Shifting role for
women-industrial
and military
Baby Boomers
Technology (
See “War that Changed the World” Poster in room
Military-Industrial
Complex
Radar/Sonar
Rockets
Guided ballistics
Jet Engine
Aircraft Carrier
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Nuclear age
)
Penicillin
Blood transfusions
Synthetic Rubber
A German V-1 Rocket
World War 2 Ironies
US Aim: stay neutral
and isolated
Germany: United
Europe
Japan: Asian Empire
Britain: Defeat
Germany and
preserve her empire
Result: Permanent
relationship with Europe
& Interventionist
EU with German
dominance
Japan: Econ. Power of
Asia for much of 20th
Century
Britain: lost empire