Transcript Healing the Wounds of War - Ms. Gibbs` US History Course

Identify
• Potsdam Conference
• Truman Doctrine
• Nuremberg Trials
• George C. Marshall
• United Nations
• Marshall Plan
• Eleanor Roosevelt
• Berlin Airlift
• Zionism
• NATO
• Ralph Bunche
• Warsaw Pact
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• Containment
Cold War
• Baruch Plan
• Atomic Energy Act
• Satellite nations
Healing the Wounds
of War
March 31, 2014
Occupation of Germany
• Potsdam Conference – July 1945
− Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany
• Divided Germany into four occupation zones
− The British, French, and Americans each took control
of an area in the western, industrialized part
− Soviets took the poorer, more rural eastern part
− Divided the German capital, Berlin, in the same way
even though it was firmly located in Soviet territory
Occupation of Japan
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki were devastated by the bombs
• The US occupied defeated Japan from 1945 – 1952
− Goals:
− Rebuild Japanese economy
− End Japanese militarism
− Establish a democratic government
• Emperor Hirohito remained in the imperial palace but
did not have any power
• Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur, his
staff, and a new Japanese congress ran the country
Under MacArthur’s Command
• Adopted a new constitution
in 1947
• Set up a new democratic
system
• Gave women voting rights
• Granted freedom of religion
• Abolished army and navy
and prohibited Japan from
ever becoming a military
power
War Crimes Trials
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Nuremberg Trials
German war crime trials
November 1945 – April 1949
Charged a number of Nazi
leaders on several charges,
including: committing war
crimes, committing crimes
against humanity, conspiring
to commit crimes
12 were sentenced to death, 7
others received jail time, 3
were acquitted
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Trials in Tokyo
Japanese war crime trials
May 1946 – November 1948
Prosecuted more than 20
leaders of Japan’s military
7 people were sentenced to
death, including Hideki Tojo,
Japan’s premier during the
war
Others were sentenced to life
in prison
The United Nations
• A postwar international organization created by the
Allied nations with China
• April 1945: delegates from 50 nations met in San
Francisco to draw up the Charter of the United
Nations, which included a General Assembly and a
Security Council
• General Assembly: All member nations
• Security Council: 15 members, 5 permanent
members and 10 rotating
− Permanent members: US, Britain, Russia, China, France
Founding of Israel
• One of the first major conflicts the UN faced
• After WWII, many European Jews moved to
Palestine rather than return to Europe, despite
Arab protest
• Britain, who had ruled Palestine since WWI,
turned the conflict over to the UN in 1947
• UN decided to divide Palestine into two states –
one for Jews and one for Arabs, but the Arabs
rejected the proposal
The Arab-Israeli war
• British withdrew their troops in 1948 and US and
Russia immediately recognized Israel as a country
• Arabs organized armies from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon,
Syria and Transjordan with Palestinian forces to
reclaim their land
• Israel used an arsenal bought in part with millions of
dollars donated by American Jewish communities
Peace?
• Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden negotiated a
shaky cease-fire but was assassinated by Israeli
extremists
• In 1949, UN mediator and US diplomat Ralph
Bunche persuaded both sides to accept an
armistace
− Gave Israel more territory than the earlier UN
partition but divided Jerusalem into Arab and Israeli
zones
− Gave Egypt control of the Gaza strip and Jordan
took over the West Bank of the Jordan River
− Arabs still refused to recognize Israel