Transcript File

A. EXPLAIN THE EFFORTS IN
DISARMAMENT IN 1920S.
External Scan
• The German Issue
• Italy (Dalmatia; Tyrol; Trentino, Istria)
& the Treaty of London 1915
•Japanese Grievance - racial clause
• New nation states - Poland, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
• Britain and France - Defending the
Status Quo. LON Mandates and
colonial empires
• Environment of Pacificsm
•Environment of LON Internationalist
idealism
Goal: Secure and Peaceable
World Order
1. Washington Naval Conference
1921-1922
5:5:3:1.67:1.67
Stability in the Pacific
1904 - Theodore Roosevelt quoted: "If we are to exert
the slightest influence in Western Asia…it is one of the
highest importance that we have a naval station in Subic
Bay." The Subic Naval Station became operational and
provided support to the US Asiatic Fleet. It was the
largest US Marine Corps Training Facility in the world
before WW1.
Subic Bay ,
Philippines
Japanese
Possessions
1938
1968
Stonecutter Island, Hong
Kong
Former island in Victoria Harbor, Also
called Ngong Shuen Chau
Solution to the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance (1902 - 1911)
(renewed 1911-1921)
• Remote Possibility of
war with Britain on the
side of Japan vs. USA
• Lloyd George needed
to find a substitute to
offer Japan to remain on
good terms with Japan
• A Conference for that
purpose seemed called
for. Hence, the
Washington Naval
Conference
2. Locarno Pact 1925
No. 1, Foreign Minister
Stressmann of Germany;
No. 2, Premier Mussolini of
Italy,
No. 3, Austen Chamberlain,
delegate from Great Britain;
No. 4, Aristide Briand of
France;
No. 5, Emile Vandervelde of
Belgium.
Palace of Justice, Locarno, Switzerland
Respect for the new
western boundaries
- alsace & lorraine
- rhineland
Eastern boundaries “…a free hand to
secure a peaceful
change of the
borders of the East
and later incorporate
the German
territories there” Gustav Stresemann
3. Kellogg Briand Pact/ Pact of
Paris
French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand & US Secretary of State
Frank B Kellogg
Strange Circumstances I
- Communication through
the Associated Press on
April 6, 1927
- Written by Professor
James T Shotwell of
Columbia University, NY
- Suggested as a Bilateral
Treaty
- Public Opinion and
American Lobby
James T Shotwell
Strange Method - General multilateral treaty instead
of bilateral treaty to make it ineffective
Strange Grouping
First 15
- Britain, Italy, Japan,
Germany, France, USA +
Belgium, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Ireland,
india, Canada, Australia,
New Zealand and South
Africa + thrown open to
all other signatories
(USSR)
Strange Caveats
“there are certain regions of the world that warfare and integrityof
which constitute the special and vital interest for our peace and
safety” - Sir Austen Chamberlain, British Foreign Secretary.
“the Pact does not prohibit wars of self-defense or wars in
pursuance of France’s obligations under the League Covenant, the
Locarno treaties, or her post war treaties of alliance, and the breach
of the Pact by one party would release others from its obligations.”
- Agreement between Kellogg and Briand
“after approving the treaty, the Senate turned to the next item of
business, approving $270,000,000 for 15 10,000-ton cruisers for
the US Navy.”
Effect
- Practice of having undeclared wars (Manchuria & Abyssinia)
- the Caveats and Hypocrisy of it all
- “It is going to confuse the minds of many good and pious people
who think that peace may be secured by polite professions of
neighborly and brother love” - Senator Cater Glass of Virgina,
USA.
B. HOW EFFECTIVE AS
DISARMEMENT IN THE
1920S?
1. Result Analysis /
Scorecard Analysis
Stability in the Pacific & Europe
Washington Naval
Conference
Locarno Treaty
Stability in the Balkans
Corfu Incident 1923 League of Nations
Greek Invasion of
Bulgaria 1925 League of Nations
Harry
Houdini
Jazz, Jitterburg &
Charleston
Nosferatu
Gustav &
LON 1926
Special Report: Germany &
World Economy 1920s
Karl Benz
Siemens
Power
Plant
Cracks in the Wall
(I) Overemphasis on self-interest
and tainting the LON
A. Kellog Briand Pact Britain, France, USA
B. LON - Double
Standards
Eg. 1923 aerial bombing ban (Britain)
Eg. Ruhr Crisis 1923 (France)
Eg. Vilnius, Lithuania (Poland))
C. Locarno (German
view)
D. Washington Naval
Conference (US view)
(II) Collective Security and
exclusion of Major Powers in
LON
• USA, USSR (1934)
(III) World Economy
- War Debts
- Reparations
- Fuelling of economic activity
B. Did the USA play an
important role in Disarmament?
1. Extent Analysis - Number of events.
2. Motivation Analysis - self interest
C. HOW EFFECTIVE WAS AID
GIVEN TO GERMANY?
• WWI & Economic
Ruin
• Ruhr Crisis & Passive
Resistance 1923
• Deficit Financing &
inflation
• Hjalmar Schacht (special
currency commissioner) &
Gustav Stresemann
rententmark reforms
Dawes Plan 1924
• Charles Dawes
• 800 million gold marks to
end hyperinflation and pay
reparations
- reduction in reparations
- flexible time schedule for
repayment based on ability
to pay
American banker and politician who was the 30th VP (1925-1929).
For his work on the Dawes Plan, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1925 with Austen Chamberlain. He served in the First
World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency and the first
director of the Bureau of the Budget, and in later life the U.S.
ambassador to Britain
Initially a great success
. Currency was stabilized
• Inflation was brought under control.
• Large loans raised in the USA and fall in unemployment
• Ability of Germany to meet her obligations under the TOV for the next five
years
Young Plan 1929
- Owen Young, Head of
Allied Reperations
Commissions.
- 2.6 billion pounds
- 59 years payment
- Compulsory &
unconditional payment &
Postponed payment sum
Full impact of economic
depression
- Opposition from right-wing
politicians Adolf Hitler. Even.
The President of the
Reichsbank, Hjalmar Schacht
disagreed and resigned from
office.
- Default by Hitler
(1953 international conference
and payment of debt only after
country unified. Principal paid
by West Germany by 1980.
Payments resume)
GREAT DEPRESSION
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