Transcript World War Two

World War Two
Diplomatic Revolution

Lebensraum – only Aryans are capable of building a
great civilization



“Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1936)


Bolshevik Russia = weak Russia, SO Russia is now open for
occupation through warfare
Lebensraum would be carried out through violent occupation,
forced slave labor and extermination of “undesirables”
Hitler’s ability to raise Germany from being one of the weakest
countries in Europe to being one of the most powerful without
resorting to warfare and simultaneously breaking down the
Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s advantages




Strong industrial base and capacity
Awareness of GB’s and France’s fear of another world war
Hitler’s belief that he could convince the rest of Europe that
Germany was not a threat to the balance of power
Oct. 1933 Hitler withdraws Germany from League of Nations and
Geneva Disarmament Conference = Germany able to stand on
their own
Diplomatic Revolution– Hitler begins
to push the international “envelope”

German Rearmament, March 9, 1935




New air force
Military draft (100,000 to 550,000)
GB, France and Italy warn Germany to halt rearmament
but not concrete action is ever taken INSTEAD they begin
to adopt a …
Policy of appeasement


June 18, 1935 Anglo-German Naval Pact – Germany
navy = 35% of British navy w/ equal number of
submarines
March 7, 1936 Occupation of Rhineland

Germans were “going into their own back garden” and GB
felt no need to support France in any kind of defensive
actions.
Germany and Italy grow closer

October 1935: Mussolini invades Ethiopia


July 1936-39: Civil War in Spain



Hitler wasn’t the only European leader with dreams of
expansion. GB and France oppose Mussolini’s actions
he turns to Germany for support
Both Germany and Italy support military dictator
Francisco Franco – perfect opportunity for them to test
some of their new weapons
Rome-Berlin Axis on Oct. 1936
November 1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact

Germany and Japan come together to build a united effort
against communism -> 1937 Japan invades China

March 1938 --- Anschluss (annexation) of
Austria
Path to War in Europe

September 1938: Munich Conference






British, French, Germans, Italians approve seizure of Czech
Sudetenland!
Chamberlain reports “peace for our time”; Churchill slams
House of Commons’ decision = “a disaster of the first
magnitude”
November 9, 1938: Kristallnacht
By March 1939: Germany military takes over Czech
lands of Bohemia & Moravia & creates puppet state
of Slovakia; British public opinion turns against Germans
August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact signed
September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland
Map 27.1
Technology of Warfare
Maginot Line – Underground fortress
 Tanks




Particularly German Panzer and Tiger versions
Blitzkrieg (pg. 312, End of European Era)
Types of Naval Equipment:




Submarines – continuing to advance
Battleships – increasingly less useful
Destroyers – submarine hunters
Aircraft Carriers – essential in the Pacific
Technology of Warfare

Light machine guns


New styles of aircraft & techniques of attack




Designed for use by one or two people at most
German Luftwaffe (air force)
Royal Air Force deals with “the Blitz” in the Battle of
Britain
Mass bombings of military & civilian sites
Atomic bombs

U.S. invented & owned = Nagasaki & Hiroshima
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed
immediately.
© 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
Bombing Hiroshima
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
© 40,000 killed
immediately.
© 60,000 injured.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
Bombing of Nagasaki
Nazi Propaganda
US Propaganda
British Propaganda
Russian Propaganda
Who’s Who in WWII?
Grand Alliance Leaders




United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt (Truman - end)
Great Britain – Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill
France – Eduard Daldier (PM); Marshal Pétain and Pierre Laval
in Vichy France; Charles de Gaulle in GB
Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
Axis Leaders



Italy – Benito Mussolini
Germany – Adolf Hitler
Japan – Emperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Tojo
War in Europe - Alliances





1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and
Germany
1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and
Japan
1939: Great Britain & Poland w/France
1940: Italy joins Germany vs. France
1941: U.S., France, Great Britain, Soviet Union (Grand
Alliance) vs. Axis Powers (Ger, It, Jap)

The Soviet Union is invaded, June 1941, changing sides
War in Europe
•
•
•
Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
Sept. 3 – France & GB declare war
Sept. 28 – Germany and SU divide Poland
•
•
April 9, 1940 – Germany attacks Denmark & Norway
•
•
Blitzkrieg and Panzer Divisions
End of the “phony war” (pg. 312, End of European Era)
May 10 - Germany attacks France, Belgium, &
Netherlands – Maginot doesn’t hold up
War in Europe - 1940
•
Trapped at Dunkirk (pg. 314, End of European Era)
•
•
•
•
Nazis move through Ardennes forest, split Allied troops
June 5 Germany attacks Southern France
June 10 Italy declares war on France
June 22 France surrenders
•
•
•
3/5 go to Germany- Nazi-occupied France
2/5 go to Marshal Henri Petain = Vichy France = authoritarian
regime (Nazi puppet government)
Charles de Gaulle in GB
War in Europe - 1940
•
•
May 10, 1940 Winston Churchill elected PM
Aug. 1940 Luftwaffe invades GB
•
•
•
End of Sept. = Germany lost Battle of Britain (pg. 315-17,
End of European Era)
•
•
Radar system
Ultra intelligence operation
Hitler focuses in Egypt & Suez Canal (think Napoleon) but Italy inept
End of July, 1940 – prepare to invade SU
•
•
Hungary, Bulgaria & Romania on board
Yugoslavia & Greece taken in April 1940
War in Europe - 1941
•
•
May, 1941 - Rudolph Hess crashes in Scotland
June 22, 1941
•
•
•
•
•
Launch attack along 1,800 mile front against SU
Took Ukraine, Leningrad
w/in 25 miles of Moscow, early winter, SU resistance = German army
halted (1st time in WWII)
Dec. 1941 – SU reinforcements from Siberia
Dec. 11 Germany declares war on US after US declares
war on Japan
•
Grand Alliance = unconditional surrender
Concentration Camps

Concentration Camps

Different types existed





Political Camps
Labor Camps
Death Camps
Different Victims
Dec. 7, 1941 Night and Fog decree
Night and Fog

SS Reichsführer Himmler issued the following instructions to
the Gestapo.
"After lengthy consideration, it is the will of the Führer that
the measures taken against those who are guilty of offenses
against the Reich or against the occupation forces in
occupied areas should be altered. The Führer is of the
opinion that in such cases penal servitude or even a hard
labor sentence for life will be regarded as a sign of weakness.
An effective and lasting deterrent can be achieved only by
the death penalty or by taking measures which will leave
the family and the population uncertain as to the fate of the
offender. Deportation to Germany serves this purpose."
“The Final
Solution” –
Jan 20, 1942
– Wannsee
Conference
(pg. 330, End of
European Era)
Warsaw Ghetto
Auschwitz
Anne Frank: 12 March 1945 at
Bergen-Belsen
Mass Grave at Bergen-Belsen
War in Europe - 1942
•
•
•
Spring 1942 – Germans capture Crimea
Fall 1942, Afrika Korps under Rommel break British
defenses, but by May 1943 Germans and Italians
surrender
Nov., 42 – Feb., 43 Battle of Stalingrad (see pg. 795)
•
•
•
German Sixth Army destroyed
SU can’t be beat
July 5-12, 1943 Battle of Kursk : beginning of end of Eastern
Front
Battle of
Stalingrad
Conference in Tehran


Nov. 1943, Tehran, IRAN
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt – what will final
phase of WWII look like?


Churchill – move from Africa and Italy to
indirectly attack Germany through Balkans
Stalin & Roosevelt – open a second front in
France in spring 1944


North-South divide line through Germany
Eastern Europe to be liberated by SU
War in Europe – 1944-45
•
June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Battle of Normandy
amphibious assault lead by Dwight D. Eisenhower
the deception of Calais
end Aug. 1944, Liberation of Paris
Dec. 16, 1944 - Battle of the Bulge
(German counteroffensive = Allied victory)
March 1945 – Allied forces cross
the Rhine
end of April meet Russians at the Elbe
Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945

Western powers meet in Ukraine



Discuss future of Germany
Stalin unsure of West’s intentions – wants buffer
zone btw. SU and West
Roosevelt wants “self-determination” and free
elections; asks SU to aid USA against Japan


Stalin agrees – receives warm-water ports,
Sakhalin & Kurile Islands; railroad rights in
Manchuria
United Nations - meet in San Francisco, April ‘45
The End of WWII in Europe - 1945
•
•
•
April 28 Mussolini executed
April 30 Hitler commits suicide in Berlin
May 7 German commanders surrender
Potsdam Conference: July, 1945
 FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference. Stalin only
original.
 The United States
has the A-bomb.
 Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
 Truman demands free
P.M. Clement President
elections in the East
Atlee
Truman
 Stalin = free elections
would be “anti-Soviet,
and that [he] could not allow.”
Joseph
Stalin
The Cold War begins…
Path to War in Asia (skip)

Crisis in Asia – revolt vs. Western supremacy
1905 Russo-Japanese War --- 1st Euro defeat!
 1911 Chinese Revolution!!! --- Communists Sun Yat-sen
 1915 – Allies divided Turkey---REVOLT --1923 republic
 Revolts 1920s-30s --- 1949 Hindu India / Muslim Pakistan
 1931: Japan invades Manchuria vs. Chinese (withdraws from
League of Nations) – Chiang Kai-Shek tries appeasement
 Japanese Empire 1933 = Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), Manchuria,
and the Marshall, Caroline & Mariana Islands

Path to War in Asia (skip)

Japan early 1930s = internal tensions


Pop. More than doubles btw. 1870 & 1937
Reliant on heavy industry for national economy but
protective tariffs of West = depression




Plan to seize Dutch East Indies & British Malaya
1935 begin building modern navy
1936 Japan = military dictatorship
November 1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact w/ Germany
War in the Pacific

1937 China vs. Japan


July 1941 occupation of Indochina = US trade embargo






Japan declares war = Rape of Nanjing
Dec. 7 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
May 7-8, 1942 Battle of the Midway
April 12, 1945 Roosevelt dies
August 6, 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki
August 14, 1945 Japan surrenders