Transcript The Second World War and the Holocaust

The Second World War
Questions
• Why did another world war break out in
Europe and in the Pacific in the late
1930s
• Why did the Allies win WWII?
• What innovations in warfare were
introduced in WWII?
• How did WWII differ from WWI on the
front lines and behind the lines?
Outbreak of War in Europe
• Aug 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet
Non-aggression pact
• Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler
invaded Poland
– Poland partitioned according
to terms of Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
– ‘Blitzkrieg’
• Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and
France declared war on
Germany
– Through May 1940, Britain
and France mustered troops
in France
– May 1940, German armies
attacked through Belgium;
France fell June, 1940
Hitler’s War
• Battle of Britain, Summer 1940
• Jan 1941 Germans entered war in N.
Africa
• June 1941 Hitler invaded Soviet Union
(Operation Barbarossa)
– At outskirts of Moscow by winter,
Soviets burn everything as they retreat.
Remember?
• Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on
U.S.
• Nov. 1942
– U.S. landed in Africa
– S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad
The Second World War in Europe
Fall of Mussolini
Mussolini as Hitler’s Puppet
Mussolini’s Military Weakness
Mussolini’s Demise
The Collapse of Nazi Germany
• Germany reaches Moscow and
then Soviets counter attack. It’s
winter time and Germany soldiers
are in their summer uniforms.
Hitler says no retreat. Scorched
earth policy worked again.
Germany gains nothing, loses
500,000.
• 1943-1945 Italian Campaign, Allies
are coming from the south
• June 6, 1944 Normandy InvasionD-Day (Operation Overlord,
Eisenhower)
• Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944
• 6 Million Soviet-3 Mil Allies head
to Berlin
• May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered
The Second World War in Europe
Outbreak of War in Asia
• Emperor Hirohito wants to
create empire in the Pacific.
• July 1940 U.S. Embargo
– Aviation fuel and scrap metal
• September 1940 - Embargo on
oil
• Dec. 7 1941 Japan attacks U.S.
Pearl Harbor, “A day that will go
down in infamy.” FDR
• Yamamoto vs. Mac Arthur
The War in Asia
• June 4-7 1942 Battle of
Midway (Turned the war
in the Pacific against the
Japanese)
• Aug. 1942-Feb 1943
Guadalcanal
• Oct. 1944 Philippines
invaded
• Feb 19-March 16 1945:
Iwo Jima
– March 10, 1945
Firebombing of Tokyo
• Aug. 6 and 9 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• September 2, 1945
Japan surrenders
(V-J Day)
Japanese forces Invade China 1931. By 1942 they control Philippines,
Guam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies.
New elements in warfare
The Ruins of Dresden
• Tanks: Presence on
battlefield prevented
WWII from turning into
into the hopeless
stalemate of WWI
• Strategic Bombing: Use
of large aircraft to knock
out enemy industries
and bomb enemy
civilians
• Atomic Bomb: Forced
Japan to surrender in
Sept. 1945.
100
90
80
70
US
UK
USSR
Ger
Jap
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
Military Aircraft Production, in thousands of Planes
Consequences of War
• Estimated 45-55 million dead
• Soviet Union lost 27 million
• Poland lost 6 million, incl. 3
million Jews
• Germans lost 5 million
• Germans killed between 12
and 20 million in their zones
of occupation
• Germany and Berlin were
divided into 4 occupation
zones
• European economy was
devastated
• U.S. ended war with 1/2 of
the manufacturing capability
on Earth
Postwar Berlin
Total War
• Warfare in the industrial era meant
that to fight and win, nations had to
mobilize their entire population
– Soldiers fought on front lines
– Workers manned factories to
make weapons
– Farmers fed the soldiers and
workers
• Industrialization made it possible for
the state to direct the entire
economy toward the war effort
• Civilians were regarded as
legitimate casualties of war, since
civilians manned factories, made
weapons, and kept armies supplied
Total War
• “Civilians must have the war
brought home to them.
Every individual must be
made to see the immediacy
of the danger to him. . . . He
must be made to understand
that he is an integral part of
the war front, and that if he
loses the war, he loses
everything.”
– Government Information Manual
for the Motion Picture Industry
U.S. Office of War Information