Transcript The Road to World War II

The Road to World War II
The World Economic
Conference: June 1933
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Cause
US leaves Gold Standard
Failure
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934
Recognizing the Soviet Union
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Diplomatic Recognition
“Socialism in One Country”
Restrain Japan
Roosevelt Litinov Accord: 1933
The Good Neighbor
• Hoover drops Dollar Diplomacy
• 7th International Conference of American
States
• Consultation
• Cuba
• Mexico
• Reciprocation
Neutrality and the Road to War
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Morris Commission: 1934
1935 Neutrality Act
2nd 1935 Neutrality Act
1937 Neutrality Act: “Cash and Carry”
Arming of the Chinese
Rise of Fascism
• Nationalist Disgruntlement + Faltering
Economies
• Mussolini (1922-43)
• Adolph Hitler (1934-45)
• Francisco Franco (1936-1975)
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi
Germany
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1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor
1936: Remilitarization of the Rhineland
1937: The Axis forms
1938: Austria and Munich and the
Sudetenland
• Kristallnacht (October 28, 1938)
World War II Begins
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Blitzkreig
Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939)
Phony War
Norway (Spring 1940)
France falls (Summer 1940)
Battle of Britain (Summer-Fall 1940)
From Neutrality to Undeclared
War, 1939-41 (I)
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Pro-Neutral America: 85% oppose war
September 1939: Declaration of Panama
November 1939: Cash and Carry
1940: Destroyer deal
1940: FDR vs Wendell Wilkie, 27.3 to 22.3
million, 449 to 82 EV
From Neutrality to Undeclared
War, 1939-41 (II)
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Lend-Lease (March 1941)
Submarine Warfare
May 21, 1941: The Robin and Convoys
Summer 1941: Into Russia
The Atlantic Charter (August
1941)
• 1. no territorial gains sought by the United States or
the United Kingdom;
• 2. territorial adjustments must conform to the people
involved;
• 3. the right to self-determination of peoples;
• 4. trade barriers lowered;
• 5. postwar disarmament;
• 6. freedom from want and fear;
• 7. freedom of the seas;
• 8. an association of nations.
Japan
• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• 1931: Manchuria
• 1937: Invasion of China
– Rape of Nanking: 300,000 Chinese killed
• 1939-41: US cuts off trade with Japan
• December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor
Mobilization of Industry
• America Under Attack: 1,662 ships lost in
1942 to Nazi subs
• War Production Board
• War Manpower Commission
• War Labor Board
• Office of Price Administration
• 5 Million Women Go to Work
• Migration
The Citizen Army
• 20 million Americans in military (344,000
in 1939)
• Gis
• Term of Service
• Army Women: 350,000
• Indians: 25,000
– Code-Talkers
Increased Spending
• 321 billion dollars spent on war= Twice
government spending from 1789 to 1941
• GNP + 75%
• Prices up 32%
• Higher Living Standard
Manhattan Project Sites
Manhattan Project
• Starts in late 1941
• Entire SECRET towns created to house
facilities: Oak Ridge, TN and Richland,
WA
• K-25 Purification Plant: 44 acres
• Trinity, New Mexico: July 16, 1945
Home Experiences
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Prosperity
Rationing
Higher Incomes
Discrimination:
– Japanese: Internment Camps
– Blacks suffer from racism, military segregation
Entertainment
• Film and Radio
• Superheroes and the Rise of the Comic
Book
• Archie
• Pulp Adventure
• Science Fiction
The Early War in the Pacific
• Halsey’s Counterattack
• Coral Sea (May 4-May 8, 1942) and
Midway (June 4, 1942 to June 7, 1942)
• Guadalcanal: August 7, 1942-February
1943
• Race Hatred
The War in Europe: 1942-3
• Russian Front (1941-3)
– Stalingrad (1942-3)
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Africa (1942)
Italy (1943)
Hitler’s Last Offensive in East (July 1943)
Tehran Conference (Fall 1943)
The War in Europe: 1944
• Russians Push West
• Bombing
• D-Day: June 6, 1944--Operation
OVERLORD
• Balkans
• Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944December 26, 1944)
• Discovery of the Holocaust
War in the Pacific
• Two Pronged Strategy: Island Hopping
(Navy) and Guineas--Solomons--Indonesia-Phillipines (Army)
• Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 19 and
June 20, 1944)
Battle of Leyte Gulf
• MacArthur Lands in Philippines: 10-8-44
• Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23 October to 26 October 1944-Largest in Naval History
• US: 17 aircraft carriers, 18 escort carriers, 12
battleships, 24 cruisers, 141 destroyers, Many other
ships, PT boats, and submarines, About 1,500
planes. US loses 3,500 dead; 1 light aircraft carrier,
2 escort carriers, 3 destroyers sunk
• Japan: 4 aircraft carriers, 9 battleships, 19 cruisers,
34 destroyers, About 200 planes. 10,000 dead; 4
aircraft carriers, 3 battleships, 8 cruisers, 12
destroyers sunk
Iwo Jima
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February, 1945
4200 marines killed, 15,000 wounded
bloodiest battle in Marines history
Iconic Image
Yalta
• 1944: Roosevelt defeats Dewey
• February 1945: Yalta
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Roosevelt: Wants Russia vs. Japan
Churchill: Money and enlarge empire
Stalin: Buffer zone in Europe
Partition of Germany Planned
Russia agrees to help vs. Japan once Europe is
done
Trinity Test Site
War’s End
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Fall of Okinawa (April 1945)
April 12, 1945: Roosevelt dies
April 27, 1945: Hitler’s suicide
May 7, 1945: German Surrender
August 1945: Dropping of the Atomic
Bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• 6: Hiroshima
• 9: Nagasaki
• 10: Japan surrenders.
Total Casualties
– Americans
• Killed: 292,000
• Prisoners of War: 100,000
• Wounded: 691,000
– Global:
• Total Dead: 72,155,800
– Military: 25,037,500
– Civilian: 41,363,400
– Jewish Holocaust Deaths: 5,754,400
Why Allied Victory?
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Superior Production
Control of Raw Materials
Superior Manpower
Technology
Superior Appeal